Research

Projected estimates of cancer in Canada in 2020

Darren R. Brenner, Hannah K. Weir, Alain A. Demers, Larry F. Ellison, Cheryl Louzado, Amanda Shaw, Donna Turner, Ryan R. Woods and Leah M. Smith; for the Canadian Cancer Statistics Advisory Committee
CMAJ March 02, 2020 192 (9) E199-E205; DOI: https://doi.org/10.1503/cmaj.191292

Abstract

BACKGROUND: Cancer projections to the current year help in policy development, planning of programs and allocation of resources. We sought to provide an overview of the expected incidence and mortality of cancer in Canada in 2020 in follow-up to the Canadian Cancer Statistics 2019 report.

METHODS: We obtained incidence data from the National Cancer Incidence Reporting System (1984–1991) and Canadian Cancer Registry (1992–2015). Mortality data (1984–2015) were obtained from the Canadian Vital Statistics — Death Database. All databases are maintained by Statistics Canada. Cancer incidence and mortality counts and age-standardized rates were projected to 2020 for 23 cancer types by sex and geographic region (provinces and territories) for all ages combined.

RESULTS: An estimated 225 800 new cancer cases and 83 300 cancer deaths are expected in Canada in 2020. The most commonly diagnosed cancers are expected to be lung overall (29 800), breast in females (27 400) and prostate in males (23 300). Lung cancer is also expected to be the leading cause of cancer death, accounting for 25.5% of all cancer deaths, followed by colorectal (11.6%), pancreatic (6.4%) and breast (6.1%) cancers. Incidence and mortality rates will be generally higher in the eastern provinces than in the western provinces.

INTERPRETATION: The number of cancer cases and deaths remains high in Canada and, owing to the growing and aging population, is expected to continue to increase. Although progress has been made in reducing deaths for most major cancers (breast, prostate and lung), there has been limited progress for pancreatic cancer, which is expected to be the third leading cause of cancer death in Canada in 2020. Additional efforts to improve uptake of existing programs, as well as to advance research, prevention, screening and treatment, are needed to address the cancer burden in Canada.

Cancer poses a large and growing impact on the Canadian population and health care system. Nearly half of Canadians are expected to receive a diagnosis of cancer in their lifetime and, although age-standardized cancer mortality rates have decreased substantially since they peaked in 1988, cancer remains the leading cause of death among Canadians.1,2 In addition, the number of new cancer cases and cancer deaths has been increasing each year as the population grows and ages.3–5 Cancer is also costly; the costs of cancer care in Canada rose from Can$2.9 billion in 2005 to Can$7.5 billion in 2012.6 Given the increasing number of cancer diagnoses, costs to people with cancer, their families and the health care system overall are likely to continue to rise in the future.

Comprehensive and reliable surveillance information is necessary to identify where progress has been made and where more attention and resources are needed. Canadian Cancer Statistics is a partnership between the Canadian Cancer Society, the Public Health Agency of Canada and Statistics Canada, in collaboration with the provincial and territorial cancer registries, that is aimed at producing and disseminating the latest surveillance statistics on cancer in Canada. This includes incidence and mortality counts and rates.

Age-standardized incidence and mortality rates for cancer facilitate comparisons across populations and over time by adjusting for differences in the age distribution of the populations being compared. Age-standardized rates, along with counts, provide a picture of the burden of cancer in Canada that is fundamental to cancer-control planning, allocation of health care resources and research. Because time is required to collect, collate, verify, analyze and report on cancer data, dissemination of information can lag several years behind the current year. Therefore, short-term projections are used to provide a more up-to-date picture of the cancer burden.

In September 2019, Canadian Cancer Statistics 2019 was released, providing detailed estimates of cancer incidence, mortality and survival in Canada by age, sex, geographic region (provinces and territories) and over time for 23 cancer types.1 We sought to provide an updated picture of cancer in Canada, presenting estimates of the counts and age-standardized rates of new cancer cases (incidence) and cancer deaths (mortality) expected in 2020 by sex and province and territory for all ages combined.

Methods

The methods and data sources used in this study are described in detail in Canadian Cancer Statistics 2019.1 A brief description follows.

Sources of data

We obtained data for cancer incidence from 1984 to 1991 from the National Cancer Incidence Reporting System and data from 1992 to 2015 from the November 2017 Canadian Cancer Registry Tabulation Master File,7 released Jan. 29, 2018. Mortality data from 1984 to 2015 were obtained from the Canadian Vital Statistics — Death Database.8 These national, population-based databases are housed at Statistics Canada and populated by provincial and territorial data submissions. We also obtained actual and projected population estimates from Statistics Canada.9–11

Statistical analysis

To obtain current estimates of cancer incidence and mortality, we projected counts and rates to 2016–2020 using the CANPROJ projection package.12 CANPROJ uses trends in actual (i.e., historical) data to select the best-fit model for subsequent years based on a decision algorithm from a series of 6 age-, period- and cohort-based models. Additional details related to the models available in CANPROJ, as well as details of past validations, are included in Appendix 1 (available at www.cmaj.ca/lookup/suppl/doi:10.1503/cmaj.191292/-/DC1). We generated projected estimates for 23 cancer types by sex and geographic region (provinces and territories). Definitions of cancer types are in Appendix 2, Supplementary Table 1 (available at www.cmaj.ca/lookup/suppl/doi:10.1503/cmaj.191292/-/DC1).

All incidence and mortality rates were age standardized to the 2011 Canadian standard population using the direct method. The Canadian Cancer Statistics Advisory Committee reviewed each model selected by CANPROJ for face validity alongside the 5 other models produced to suggest the most appropriate model. Decisions on the final models for each province and territory were made in consultation with that jurisdiction’s cancer registry. The CANPROJ-selected model was the final model in more than 90% of cases. We allowed alternative models in exceptional circumstances where the registry’s more recent data or a recent important change in policy or practice suggested the estimate would be considerably (> 10%) different from the projected estimate.

Data on cancer cases diagnosed in the province of Quebec from 2011 onward were unavailable as they had yet to be submitted to the Canadian Cancer Registry. Because data were available only to 2010 for Quebec, we estimated Quebec-specific cases and incidence rates for 2011–2020 by first applying the rates of Canada without Quebec to the Quebec population. Quebec rates were then corrected based on the average rate for the rest of the country multiplied by the ratio of sex-, age- and cancer-specific estimates for Quebec relative to Canada (excluding Quebec) for 2006–2010.

We computed projected estimates for Canada as a whole as sums of the projections for each individual province and territory.

Ethics approval

Because this study involved the analysis of publicly available administrative data and did not involve contacting individuals, consideration and approval by an ethics review board was not required.

Results

Projected cancer incidence

An estimated 225 800 new cases of cancer are expected to be diagnosed in Canada in 2020 (Table 1). Lung and bronchus (lung) cancer is projected to be the most commonly diagnosed cancer, with an estimated 29 800 cases, followed by breast (27 400), colorectal (26 900) and prostate (23 300) cancers. These 4 cancers are expected to account for about half (48%) of all cancers diagnosed in 2020.

View this table:
Table 1:

Projected estimates of new cases and age-standardized incidence rates for cancers in Canada in 2020, by sex

Among males, prostate cancer is expected to be the most commonly diagnosed cancer, accounting for about 1 in 5 new cases, followed by lung (13%), colorectal (13%) and bladder (8%) cancers. Among females, breast cancer is expected to be the most commonly diagnosed cancer, accounting for 1 in 4 new cases, followed by lung (13%), colorectal (11%) and uterine (7%) cancers.

Cancer is more commonly diagnosed in males than females for all cancer types reported except breast and thyroid cancers. Overall, the number of new cancer cases is expected to be about 5% higher in males (115 800) than females (110 000), and the age-standardized incidence rate (ASIR) is expected to be about 14% higher (557.8 per 100 000 males, 491.2 per 100 000 females).

Projected mortality

An estimated 83 300 Canadians are expected to die of cancer in 2020 (Table 2). Lung cancer is expected to be the leading cause of cancer death, accounting for more cancer deaths (21 200) than the next 3 leading causes — colorectal, pancreatic and breast — combined (20 100). Along with prostate cancer, these 5 cancers account for more than half (55%) of all expected cancer deaths in Canada.

View this table:
Table 2:

Projected estimates of deaths and age-standardized mortality rates for cancers in Canada in 2020, by sex

Lung cancer is also expected to be the leading cause of cancer death in males and females, accounting for 25% and 26% of deaths, respectively. Among males, lung is followed by colorectal (12%), prostate (10%) and pancreatic (6%) cancers. Among females, lung is followed by breast (13%), colorectal (11%) and pancreatic (7%) cancers.

Overall, the number of cancer deaths is expected to be 12% higher among males (44 100) than females (39 300), whereas the age-standardized mortality rate (ASMR) is expected to be 26% higher (219.7 per 100 000 males, 164.2 per 100 000 females). A higher number of deaths is expected among males than females for each cancer type reported except breast and thyroid.

Changes over time

Figure 1 shows the ASIR between 1984 and 2020 by sex for the 4 most commonly diagnosed cancers. The ASIR for prostate cancer increased substantially from 1984 to 1993, then levelled off and has been declining since 2001. Among females, the ASIR for breast cancer rose between 1984 and the early 1990s after which it has fluctuated. Colorectal cancer started to decline among males and females in 2000, and more steeply after 2011. Although lung cancer has been declining since 1990 among males, rates among females started to decline around 2011.

Figure 1:
Figure 1:

Age-standardized incidence rates (ASIRs) for selected cancers, in Canada (excluding Quebec), 1984–2020, by sex. Shading indicates projected data.

Figure 2 shows the ASMR between 1984 and 2020, by sex, for the 5 leading causes of cancer death in Canada. Among males, the ASMR has decreased for lung, prostate and colorectal cancers. Among females, the ASMR has decreased consistently for breast and colorectal cancers, and recently began decreasing for lung cancer. The mortality rate for pancreatic cancer has remained stable.

Figure 2:
Figure 2:

Age-standardized mortality rates (ASMRs) for selected cancers in Canada, 1984–2020, by sex. Shading indicates projected data.

Regional variation

Region-specific estimates are provided in supplementary tables and figures. Appendix 1, Supplementary Figure 2, shows the projected ASIR and ASMR of all cancers combined by Canadian province and territory in 2020. Estimates for Quebec incidence were not included because a different projection approach was used for Quebec, limiting its comparability to the other jurisdictions. It is estimated that the cancer ASIR and ASMR for 2020 will generally be highest in eastern and central Canada and lowest in western Canada. Projected estimates of 2020 incidence and mortality for individual cancer types by geographic region are provided in Appendix 3, Supplementary Figure 1, and Appendix 4, Supplementary Tables 2–5, available at www.cmaj.ca/lookup/suppl/doi:10.1503/cmaj.191292/-/DC1.

Interpretation

In 2020, a projected 225 800 Canadians will receive a diagnosis of cancer and 83 300 will die of cancer. These estimates are higher than previously reported for 2019,1 which is expected given the growing and aging population.3 In contrast, the decline in age-standardized incidence rates overall shows progress is being made for several leading cancers. For example, the ASIRs for some of the commonly diagnosed cancers are declining, reflecting success in cancer-control activities around primary prevention (e.g., tobacco for lung cancer), as well as changes in detection practices (prostate cancer) and possibly screening (colorectal). In addition, there have been dramatic declines in mortality for these cancers, reflecting not only changes in incidence but also improvements in early detection and treatment. Meanwhile, the lack of progress with pancreatic cancer and the continued increase in the number of cases and deaths expected each year for this and other cancer types shows further efforts in cancer control are still required.

Lung cancer remains the most commonly diagnosed cancer and leading cause of death from cancer in Canada. However, improvements have been observed in incidence and mortality in males since the early 1990s, and rates have also started to decline in females.1 These patterns largely reflect past differences in tobacco smoking between sexes13 and are similar to what has been reported in the United States.14 An estimated 86% of lung cancers are preventable and 72% are attributable to tobacco smoke,15 providing evidence that there is a lot of room for improvement in prevention. Moreover, with a 5-year net survival of only 19%,1,16 further improvements in treatment are paramount for reducing mortality for this disease. Lung cancer screening programs for high-risk populations are also on the horizon in Canada.17

In 2020, breast cancer is expected to be the second most commonly diagnosed cancer in Canada. Patterns in historical incidence rates for breast cancer in females likely reflect, in part, changes in screening. For example, the increase in the incidence of breast cancer in females between 1984 and the early 1990s may be attributable to increased opportunistic mammography screening that was done before organized screening programs were implemented in Canada. Since then, incidence rates have fluctuated, although a small, statistically significant decline was reported to 2015.1 Although patterns in incidence remain somewhat varied, there has been a dramatic decline in the female mortality rate for breast cancer of about 49% since its peak — from 43 per 100 000 population in 19861 to a projected 22 per 100 000 population in 2020. Other high-income countries, including the US, United Kingdom and Australia, have also seen substantial decreases in the female mortality rate for breast cancer since the mid-to-late 1980s.18 These improvements have been largely attributed to progress in treatment,19,20 in addition to early detection.

Colorectal cancer is expected to be the third most commonly diagnosed cancer in Canada, whereas, as recently as 2017, it was estimated to be second.21 Colorectal cancer mortality rates are declining. This is likely due, in part, to increased screening for the disease, which can identify treatable precancerous polyps and earlier-stage disease. Between 2007 and 2016, the Yukon territory and every province in Canada except Quebec implemented organized screening programs for colorectal cancer.22 As these programs get more established, it is hoped that the once-low participation rates will improve, and incidence and mortality rates will decline further. The decline in incidence rates for colorectal cancer is believed to be confined to older adults, who are at greatest risk. Although incidence is lowest among adults under 50 years of age, studies have repeatedly shown rates are increasing in adults in this younger age group in Canada and elsewhere.23–25 Whether this pattern holds for colorectal cancer mortality as well has yet to be established in Canada.

Prostate cancer is projected to remain the most commonly diagnosed cancer and the second leading cause of cancer death among Canadian males. Trends in incidence for prostate cancer have largely mirrored patterns in use of prostate-specific antigen (PSA) testing in Canada.1,26 Since the US Preventive Services Task Force advised against PSA screening in men over age 75 years in 2008, and then in asymptomatic men of all ages in 2011, there has been a substantial decline in prostate cancer incidence rates in both Canada and the US.1,27,28 Canada released a similar guideline in 2014.29 Prostate cancer mortality rates have been steadily declining since the mid-1990s, reflecting improvements in treatment.20,30

While mortality rates continue to decline for the 4 most commonly diagnosed cancers, the rate has remained stable for pancreatic cancer. As a result, the relative burden of pancreatic cancer is increasing. Specifically, the number of deaths caused by pancreatic cancer is expected to surpass breast cancer as the third leading cause of cancer death in Canada. This change in ranking was estimated to have occurred in 2019.1 Pancreatic cancer has also been reported to be the third leading cause of cancer death in the US.31

Changes in mortality rates are perhaps the best measure of progress in cancer control. The improvements in mortality for the other major cancers are the result of different combinations of prevention, earlier detection and, perhaps most notably, improvements in treatment. 20 Progress in the delivery of traditional surgical and chemoradiation therapy techniques have continued to improve outcomes, as evidenced by increased survival rates for most cancers.1,16 In addition, many commonly diagnosed cancers are now treated with individually targeted therapies for specific tumour characteristics that can further improve outcomes, often with fewer adverse effects compared with traditional chemotherapies.32–35 However, this type of progress has been limited for pancreatic cancer, which continues to have an exceptionally low 5-year net survival of 8%.1,16 Clearly, this is a cancer for which further research is needed to improve therapeutic outcomes.

Limitations

We provide projected estimates, which give an indication of what might be expected if the analytic assumptions were to hold true over the projected time frame and must be interpreted with caution.

The data used for most provinces and territories are based on data to 2015, but incidence data for Quebec, the second most populous province in Canada, are only to 2010. Therefore, additional assumptions were required for these projections. Notably, the method we used to project Quebec incidence for 2011–2020 assumes that the ratio of rates between Quebec and the rest of Canada remained constant over time, which may not be the case.

Data for Canada’s 3 territories were included in the national estimates. However, owing to their small population sizes and the resulting imprecision of the projections, we did not report cancer-specific data for the territories.

Conclusion

Continued declines in the age-standardized incidence and mortality rates for many cancers show that progress is being made in preventing and treating cancer. This is especially true for lung cancer, yet it remains the leading cause of cancer incidence and death in Canada, underscoring the need for stronger tobacco control policies and improvements in early detection and treatment. The declining mortality rates for breast, colorectal and prostate cancers also reflect continued success in prevention, screening and treatment. Despite these positive findings, a lack of progress with pancreatic and other cancers highlights the need for further research and innovative treatment options.

The overall burden of cancer remains high in Canada and, owing to the growing and aging population, the number of cases and deaths will likely continue to increase. Additional efforts to improve uptake of existing programs, as well as to advance research, prevention, screening and treatment, are needed.

Footnotes

  • Competing interests: None declared.

  • This article has been peer reviewed.

  • Contributors: Darren Brenner and Hannah Weir drafted the article. Alain Demers analyzed the data. All of the authors contributed substantially to the conception and design of the work, revised it critically for important intellectual content, gave final approval of the version to be published and agreed to be accountable for all aspects of the work.

  • Funding: This work was conducted through a partnership between the Canadian Cancer Society, the Public Health Agency of Canada and Statistics Canada. The Public Health Agency of Canada funded the translation of this work into French. The French version will be posted at cmaj.ca once it is available.

  • Copyright: This is an Open Access article distributed in accordance with the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution (CC BY 4.0) license, which permits others to distribute, remix, adapt and build upon this work, for commercial use, provided the original work is properly cited. See: http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/.

  • Data sharing: Data from the Canadian Cancer Registry and Canadian Vital Statistics Death Database are available in Statistics Canada’s Research Data Centres (RDCs). Access to RDCs is granted to researchers with an approved project who have undergone a security check and have become deemed employees of Statistics Canada. More details about the RDC application process and guidelinesare available at www.statcan.gc.ca/eng/rdc/process.

  • Disclaimer: The findings and conclusions in this report are those of the authors and do not necessarily represent the official positions of the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, the Canadian Cancer Society, the Public Health Agency of Canada, Statistics Canada or the other affiliated organizations.

  • Accepted January 27, 2020.

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Canadian Medical Association Journal: 192 (9)
CMAJ
Vol. 192, Issue 9
2 Mar 2020

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Projected estimates of cancer in Canada in 2020
Darren R. Brenner, Hannah K. Weir, Alain A. Demers, Larry F. Ellison, Cheryl Louzado, Amanda Shaw, Donna Turner, Ryan R. Woods, Leah M. Smith
CMAJ Mar 2020, 192 (9) E199-E205; DOI: 10.1503/cmaj.191292
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