Research
Development of the Instrument to assess the Credibility of Effect Modification Analyses (ICEMAN) in randomized controlled trials and meta-analyses
Stefan Schandelmaier, Matthias Briel, Ravi Varadhan, Christopher H. Schmid, Niveditha Devasenapathy, Rodney A. Hayward, Joel Gagnier, Michael Borenstein, Geert J.M.G. van der Heijden, Issa J. Dahabreh, Xin Sun, Willi Sauerbrei, Michael Walsh, John P.A. Ioannidis, Lehana Thabane and Gordon H. Guyatt
CMAJ August 10, 2020 192 (32) E901-E906; DOI: https://doi.org/10.1503/cmaj.200077
Stefan Schandelmaier
Departments of Health Research Methods, Evidence, and Impact (Schandelmaier, Briel, Walsh, Thabane, Guyatt), Medicine (Walsh, Guyatt), Pediatrics (Thabane) and Anesthesia (Thabane), McMaster University, Hamilton, Ont.; Institute for Clinical Epidemiology and Biostatistics (Schandelmaier, Briel), Department of Clinical Research, Basel University, Basel, Switzerland; Division of Biostatistics and Bioinformatics (Varadhan), Sidney Kimmel Comprehensive Cancer Center, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, Md.; Department of Biostatistics (Schmid), Brown University School of Public Health, Brown University, Providence, RI; Indian institute of Public Health-Delhi (Devasenapathy), Public Health Foundation of India, New Delhi, India; VA Center for Clinical Management and Research (Hayward); Department of Internal Medicine (Hayward), University of Michigan School of Medicine; Department of Orthopaedic Surgery (Gagnier), University of Michigan; Department of Epidemiology (Gagnier), School of Public Health, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Mich.; Biostat (Borenstein), Englewood, NJ; Department of Social Dentistry (van der Heijden), Academic Center for Dentistry Amsterdam, University of Amsterdam and VU University Amsterdam, Amsterdam, Netherlands; Center for Evidence Synthesis in Health (Dahabreh) and Departments of Health Services, Policy, and Practice (Dahabreh) and Epidemiology (Dahabreh), School of Public Health, Brown University, Providence, RI; Chinese Evidence-Based Medicine Center (Sun), West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China; Institute of Medical Biometry and Statistics (Sauerbrei), Faculty of Medicine and Medical Center, University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany; Population Health Research Institute (Walsh), Hamilton Health Sciences/McMaster University, Hamilton, Ont.; Departments of Medicine (Ioannidis), Health Research and Policy (Ioannidis) and Biomedical Data Science (Ioannidis), and Statistics and Meta-Research Innovation Center at Stanford (METRICS) (Ioannidis), Stanford University, Stanford, Calif.; Biostatistics Unit (Thabane), St. Joseph’s Healthcare, Hamilton, Ont.
Matthias Briel
Departments of Health Research Methods, Evidence, and Impact (Schandelmaier, Briel, Walsh, Thabane, Guyatt), Medicine (Walsh, Guyatt), Pediatrics (Thabane) and Anesthesia (Thabane), McMaster University, Hamilton, Ont.; Institute for Clinical Epidemiology and Biostatistics (Schandelmaier, Briel), Department of Clinical Research, Basel University, Basel, Switzerland; Division of Biostatistics and Bioinformatics (Varadhan), Sidney Kimmel Comprehensive Cancer Center, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, Md.; Department of Biostatistics (Schmid), Brown University School of Public Health, Brown University, Providence, RI; Indian institute of Public Health-Delhi (Devasenapathy), Public Health Foundation of India, New Delhi, India; VA Center for Clinical Management and Research (Hayward); Department of Internal Medicine (Hayward), University of Michigan School of Medicine; Department of Orthopaedic Surgery (Gagnier), University of Michigan; Department of Epidemiology (Gagnier), School of Public Health, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Mich.; Biostat (Borenstein), Englewood, NJ; Department of Social Dentistry (van der Heijden), Academic Center for Dentistry Amsterdam, University of Amsterdam and VU University Amsterdam, Amsterdam, Netherlands; Center for Evidence Synthesis in Health (Dahabreh) and Departments of Health Services, Policy, and Practice (Dahabreh) and Epidemiology (Dahabreh), School of Public Health, Brown University, Providence, RI; Chinese Evidence-Based Medicine Center (Sun), West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China; Institute of Medical Biometry and Statistics (Sauerbrei), Faculty of Medicine and Medical Center, University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany; Population Health Research Institute (Walsh), Hamilton Health Sciences/McMaster University, Hamilton, Ont.; Departments of Medicine (Ioannidis), Health Research and Policy (Ioannidis) and Biomedical Data Science (Ioannidis), and Statistics and Meta-Research Innovation Center at Stanford (METRICS) (Ioannidis), Stanford University, Stanford, Calif.; Biostatistics Unit (Thabane), St. Joseph’s Healthcare, Hamilton, Ont.
Ravi Varadhan
Departments of Health Research Methods, Evidence, and Impact (Schandelmaier, Briel, Walsh, Thabane, Guyatt), Medicine (Walsh, Guyatt), Pediatrics (Thabane) and Anesthesia (Thabane), McMaster University, Hamilton, Ont.; Institute for Clinical Epidemiology and Biostatistics (Schandelmaier, Briel), Department of Clinical Research, Basel University, Basel, Switzerland; Division of Biostatistics and Bioinformatics (Varadhan), Sidney Kimmel Comprehensive Cancer Center, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, Md.; Department of Biostatistics (Schmid), Brown University School of Public Health, Brown University, Providence, RI; Indian institute of Public Health-Delhi (Devasenapathy), Public Health Foundation of India, New Delhi, India; VA Center for Clinical Management and Research (Hayward); Department of Internal Medicine (Hayward), University of Michigan School of Medicine; Department of Orthopaedic Surgery (Gagnier), University of Michigan; Department of Epidemiology (Gagnier), School of Public Health, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Mich.; Biostat (Borenstein), Englewood, NJ; Department of Social Dentistry (van der Heijden), Academic Center for Dentistry Amsterdam, University of Amsterdam and VU University Amsterdam, Amsterdam, Netherlands; Center for Evidence Synthesis in Health (Dahabreh) and Departments of Health Services, Policy, and Practice (Dahabreh) and Epidemiology (Dahabreh), School of Public Health, Brown University, Providence, RI; Chinese Evidence-Based Medicine Center (Sun), West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China; Institute of Medical Biometry and Statistics (Sauerbrei), Faculty of Medicine and Medical Center, University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany; Population Health Research Institute (Walsh), Hamilton Health Sciences/McMaster University, Hamilton, Ont.; Departments of Medicine (Ioannidis), Health Research and Policy (Ioannidis) and Biomedical Data Science (Ioannidis), and Statistics and Meta-Research Innovation Center at Stanford (METRICS) (Ioannidis), Stanford University, Stanford, Calif.; Biostatistics Unit (Thabane), St. Joseph’s Healthcare, Hamilton, Ont.
Christopher H. Schmid
Departments of Health Research Methods, Evidence, and Impact (Schandelmaier, Briel, Walsh, Thabane, Guyatt), Medicine (Walsh, Guyatt), Pediatrics (Thabane) and Anesthesia (Thabane), McMaster University, Hamilton, Ont.; Institute for Clinical Epidemiology and Biostatistics (Schandelmaier, Briel), Department of Clinical Research, Basel University, Basel, Switzerland; Division of Biostatistics and Bioinformatics (Varadhan), Sidney Kimmel Comprehensive Cancer Center, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, Md.; Department of Biostatistics (Schmid), Brown University School of Public Health, Brown University, Providence, RI; Indian institute of Public Health-Delhi (Devasenapathy), Public Health Foundation of India, New Delhi, India; VA Center for Clinical Management and Research (Hayward); Department of Internal Medicine (Hayward), University of Michigan School of Medicine; Department of Orthopaedic Surgery (Gagnier), University of Michigan; Department of Epidemiology (Gagnier), School of Public Health, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Mich.; Biostat (Borenstein), Englewood, NJ; Department of Social Dentistry (van der Heijden), Academic Center for Dentistry Amsterdam, University of Amsterdam and VU University Amsterdam, Amsterdam, Netherlands; Center for Evidence Synthesis in Health (Dahabreh) and Departments of Health Services, Policy, and Practice (Dahabreh) and Epidemiology (Dahabreh), School of Public Health, Brown University, Providence, RI; Chinese Evidence-Based Medicine Center (Sun), West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China; Institute of Medical Biometry and Statistics (Sauerbrei), Faculty of Medicine and Medical Center, University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany; Population Health Research Institute (Walsh), Hamilton Health Sciences/McMaster University, Hamilton, Ont.; Departments of Medicine (Ioannidis), Health Research and Policy (Ioannidis) and Biomedical Data Science (Ioannidis), and Statistics and Meta-Research Innovation Center at Stanford (METRICS) (Ioannidis), Stanford University, Stanford, Calif.; Biostatistics Unit (Thabane), St. Joseph’s Healthcare, Hamilton, Ont.
Niveditha Devasenapathy
Departments of Health Research Methods, Evidence, and Impact (Schandelmaier, Briel, Walsh, Thabane, Guyatt), Medicine (Walsh, Guyatt), Pediatrics (Thabane) and Anesthesia (Thabane), McMaster University, Hamilton, Ont.; Institute for Clinical Epidemiology and Biostatistics (Schandelmaier, Briel), Department of Clinical Research, Basel University, Basel, Switzerland; Division of Biostatistics and Bioinformatics (Varadhan), Sidney Kimmel Comprehensive Cancer Center, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, Md.; Department of Biostatistics (Schmid), Brown University School of Public Health, Brown University, Providence, RI; Indian institute of Public Health-Delhi (Devasenapathy), Public Health Foundation of India, New Delhi, India; VA Center for Clinical Management and Research (Hayward); Department of Internal Medicine (Hayward), University of Michigan School of Medicine; Department of Orthopaedic Surgery (Gagnier), University of Michigan; Department of Epidemiology (Gagnier), School of Public Health, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Mich.; Biostat (Borenstein), Englewood, NJ; Department of Social Dentistry (van der Heijden), Academic Center for Dentistry Amsterdam, University of Amsterdam and VU University Amsterdam, Amsterdam, Netherlands; Center for Evidence Synthesis in Health (Dahabreh) and Departments of Health Services, Policy, and Practice (Dahabreh) and Epidemiology (Dahabreh), School of Public Health, Brown University, Providence, RI; Chinese Evidence-Based Medicine Center (Sun), West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China; Institute of Medical Biometry and Statistics (Sauerbrei), Faculty of Medicine and Medical Center, University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany; Population Health Research Institute (Walsh), Hamilton Health Sciences/McMaster University, Hamilton, Ont.; Departments of Medicine (Ioannidis), Health Research and Policy (Ioannidis) and Biomedical Data Science (Ioannidis), and Statistics and Meta-Research Innovation Center at Stanford (METRICS) (Ioannidis), Stanford University, Stanford, Calif.; Biostatistics Unit (Thabane), St. Joseph’s Healthcare, Hamilton, Ont.
Rodney A. Hayward
Departments of Health Research Methods, Evidence, and Impact (Schandelmaier, Briel, Walsh, Thabane, Guyatt), Medicine (Walsh, Guyatt), Pediatrics (Thabane) and Anesthesia (Thabane), McMaster University, Hamilton, Ont.; Institute for Clinical Epidemiology and Biostatistics (Schandelmaier, Briel), Department of Clinical Research, Basel University, Basel, Switzerland; Division of Biostatistics and Bioinformatics (Varadhan), Sidney Kimmel Comprehensive Cancer Center, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, Md.; Department of Biostatistics (Schmid), Brown University School of Public Health, Brown University, Providence, RI; Indian institute of Public Health-Delhi (Devasenapathy), Public Health Foundation of India, New Delhi, India; VA Center for Clinical Management and Research (Hayward); Department of Internal Medicine (Hayward), University of Michigan School of Medicine; Department of Orthopaedic Surgery (Gagnier), University of Michigan; Department of Epidemiology (Gagnier), School of Public Health, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Mich.; Biostat (Borenstein), Englewood, NJ; Department of Social Dentistry (van der Heijden), Academic Center for Dentistry Amsterdam, University of Amsterdam and VU University Amsterdam, Amsterdam, Netherlands; Center for Evidence Synthesis in Health (Dahabreh) and Departments of Health Services, Policy, and Practice (Dahabreh) and Epidemiology (Dahabreh), School of Public Health, Brown University, Providence, RI; Chinese Evidence-Based Medicine Center (Sun), West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China; Institute of Medical Biometry and Statistics (Sauerbrei), Faculty of Medicine and Medical Center, University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany; Population Health Research Institute (Walsh), Hamilton Health Sciences/McMaster University, Hamilton, Ont.; Departments of Medicine (Ioannidis), Health Research and Policy (Ioannidis) and Biomedical Data Science (Ioannidis), and Statistics and Meta-Research Innovation Center at Stanford (METRICS) (Ioannidis), Stanford University, Stanford, Calif.; Biostatistics Unit (Thabane), St. Joseph’s Healthcare, Hamilton, Ont.
Joel Gagnier
Departments of Health Research Methods, Evidence, and Impact (Schandelmaier, Briel, Walsh, Thabane, Guyatt), Medicine (Walsh, Guyatt), Pediatrics (Thabane) and Anesthesia (Thabane), McMaster University, Hamilton, Ont.; Institute for Clinical Epidemiology and Biostatistics (Schandelmaier, Briel), Department of Clinical Research, Basel University, Basel, Switzerland; Division of Biostatistics and Bioinformatics (Varadhan), Sidney Kimmel Comprehensive Cancer Center, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, Md.; Department of Biostatistics (Schmid), Brown University School of Public Health, Brown University, Providence, RI; Indian institute of Public Health-Delhi (Devasenapathy), Public Health Foundation of India, New Delhi, India; VA Center for Clinical Management and Research (Hayward); Department of Internal Medicine (Hayward), University of Michigan School of Medicine; Department of Orthopaedic Surgery (Gagnier), University of Michigan; Department of Epidemiology (Gagnier), School of Public Health, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Mich.; Biostat (Borenstein), Englewood, NJ; Department of Social Dentistry (van der Heijden), Academic Center for Dentistry Amsterdam, University of Amsterdam and VU University Amsterdam, Amsterdam, Netherlands; Center for Evidence Synthesis in Health (Dahabreh) and Departments of Health Services, Policy, and Practice (Dahabreh) and Epidemiology (Dahabreh), School of Public Health, Brown University, Providence, RI; Chinese Evidence-Based Medicine Center (Sun), West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China; Institute of Medical Biometry and Statistics (Sauerbrei), Faculty of Medicine and Medical Center, University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany; Population Health Research Institute (Walsh), Hamilton Health Sciences/McMaster University, Hamilton, Ont.; Departments of Medicine (Ioannidis), Health Research and Policy (Ioannidis) and Biomedical Data Science (Ioannidis), and Statistics and Meta-Research Innovation Center at Stanford (METRICS) (Ioannidis), Stanford University, Stanford, Calif.; Biostatistics Unit (Thabane), St. Joseph’s Healthcare, Hamilton, Ont.
Michael Borenstein
Departments of Health Research Methods, Evidence, and Impact (Schandelmaier, Briel, Walsh, Thabane, Guyatt), Medicine (Walsh, Guyatt), Pediatrics (Thabane) and Anesthesia (Thabane), McMaster University, Hamilton, Ont.; Institute for Clinical Epidemiology and Biostatistics (Schandelmaier, Briel), Department of Clinical Research, Basel University, Basel, Switzerland; Division of Biostatistics and Bioinformatics (Varadhan), Sidney Kimmel Comprehensive Cancer Center, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, Md.; Department of Biostatistics (Schmid), Brown University School of Public Health, Brown University, Providence, RI; Indian institute of Public Health-Delhi (Devasenapathy), Public Health Foundation of India, New Delhi, India; VA Center for Clinical Management and Research (Hayward); Department of Internal Medicine (Hayward), University of Michigan School of Medicine; Department of Orthopaedic Surgery (Gagnier), University of Michigan; Department of Epidemiology (Gagnier), School of Public Health, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Mich.; Biostat (Borenstein), Englewood, NJ; Department of Social Dentistry (van der Heijden), Academic Center for Dentistry Amsterdam, University of Amsterdam and VU University Amsterdam, Amsterdam, Netherlands; Center for Evidence Synthesis in Health (Dahabreh) and Departments of Health Services, Policy, and Practice (Dahabreh) and Epidemiology (Dahabreh), School of Public Health, Brown University, Providence, RI; Chinese Evidence-Based Medicine Center (Sun), West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China; Institute of Medical Biometry and Statistics (Sauerbrei), Faculty of Medicine and Medical Center, University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany; Population Health Research Institute (Walsh), Hamilton Health Sciences/McMaster University, Hamilton, Ont.; Departments of Medicine (Ioannidis), Health Research and Policy (Ioannidis) and Biomedical Data Science (Ioannidis), and Statistics and Meta-Research Innovation Center at Stanford (METRICS) (Ioannidis), Stanford University, Stanford, Calif.; Biostatistics Unit (Thabane), St. Joseph’s Healthcare, Hamilton, Ont.
Geert J.M.G. van der Heijden
Departments of Health Research Methods, Evidence, and Impact (Schandelmaier, Briel, Walsh, Thabane, Guyatt), Medicine (Walsh, Guyatt), Pediatrics (Thabane) and Anesthesia (Thabane), McMaster University, Hamilton, Ont.; Institute for Clinical Epidemiology and Biostatistics (Schandelmaier, Briel), Department of Clinical Research, Basel University, Basel, Switzerland; Division of Biostatistics and Bioinformatics (Varadhan), Sidney Kimmel Comprehensive Cancer Center, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, Md.; Department of Biostatistics (Schmid), Brown University School of Public Health, Brown University, Providence, RI; Indian institute of Public Health-Delhi (Devasenapathy), Public Health Foundation of India, New Delhi, India; VA Center for Clinical Management and Research (Hayward); Department of Internal Medicine (Hayward), University of Michigan School of Medicine; Department of Orthopaedic Surgery (Gagnier), University of Michigan; Department of Epidemiology (Gagnier), School of Public Health, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Mich.; Biostat (Borenstein), Englewood, NJ; Department of Social Dentistry (van der Heijden), Academic Center for Dentistry Amsterdam, University of Amsterdam and VU University Amsterdam, Amsterdam, Netherlands; Center for Evidence Synthesis in Health (Dahabreh) and Departments of Health Services, Policy, and Practice (Dahabreh) and Epidemiology (Dahabreh), School of Public Health, Brown University, Providence, RI; Chinese Evidence-Based Medicine Center (Sun), West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China; Institute of Medical Biometry and Statistics (Sauerbrei), Faculty of Medicine and Medical Center, University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany; Population Health Research Institute (Walsh), Hamilton Health Sciences/McMaster University, Hamilton, Ont.; Departments of Medicine (Ioannidis), Health Research and Policy (Ioannidis) and Biomedical Data Science (Ioannidis), and Statistics and Meta-Research Innovation Center at Stanford (METRICS) (Ioannidis), Stanford University, Stanford, Calif.; Biostatistics Unit (Thabane), St. Joseph’s Healthcare, Hamilton, Ont.
Issa J. Dahabreh
Departments of Health Research Methods, Evidence, and Impact (Schandelmaier, Briel, Walsh, Thabane, Guyatt), Medicine (Walsh, Guyatt), Pediatrics (Thabane) and Anesthesia (Thabane), McMaster University, Hamilton, Ont.; Institute for Clinical Epidemiology and Biostatistics (Schandelmaier, Briel), Department of Clinical Research, Basel University, Basel, Switzerland; Division of Biostatistics and Bioinformatics (Varadhan), Sidney Kimmel Comprehensive Cancer Center, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, Md.; Department of Biostatistics (Schmid), Brown University School of Public Health, Brown University, Providence, RI; Indian institute of Public Health-Delhi (Devasenapathy), Public Health Foundation of India, New Delhi, India; VA Center for Clinical Management and Research (Hayward); Department of Internal Medicine (Hayward), University of Michigan School of Medicine; Department of Orthopaedic Surgery (Gagnier), University of Michigan; Department of Epidemiology (Gagnier), School of Public Health, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Mich.; Biostat (Borenstein), Englewood, NJ; Department of Social Dentistry (van der Heijden), Academic Center for Dentistry Amsterdam, University of Amsterdam and VU University Amsterdam, Amsterdam, Netherlands; Center for Evidence Synthesis in Health (Dahabreh) and Departments of Health Services, Policy, and Practice (Dahabreh) and Epidemiology (Dahabreh), School of Public Health, Brown University, Providence, RI; Chinese Evidence-Based Medicine Center (Sun), West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China; Institute of Medical Biometry and Statistics (Sauerbrei), Faculty of Medicine and Medical Center, University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany; Population Health Research Institute (Walsh), Hamilton Health Sciences/McMaster University, Hamilton, Ont.; Departments of Medicine (Ioannidis), Health Research and Policy (Ioannidis) and Biomedical Data Science (Ioannidis), and Statistics and Meta-Research Innovation Center at Stanford (METRICS) (Ioannidis), Stanford University, Stanford, Calif.; Biostatistics Unit (Thabane), St. Joseph’s Healthcare, Hamilton, Ont.
Xin Sun
Departments of Health Research Methods, Evidence, and Impact (Schandelmaier, Briel, Walsh, Thabane, Guyatt), Medicine (Walsh, Guyatt), Pediatrics (Thabane) and Anesthesia (Thabane), McMaster University, Hamilton, Ont.; Institute for Clinical Epidemiology and Biostatistics (Schandelmaier, Briel), Department of Clinical Research, Basel University, Basel, Switzerland; Division of Biostatistics and Bioinformatics (Varadhan), Sidney Kimmel Comprehensive Cancer Center, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, Md.; Department of Biostatistics (Schmid), Brown University School of Public Health, Brown University, Providence, RI; Indian institute of Public Health-Delhi (Devasenapathy), Public Health Foundation of India, New Delhi, India; VA Center for Clinical Management and Research (Hayward); Department of Internal Medicine (Hayward), University of Michigan School of Medicine; Department of Orthopaedic Surgery (Gagnier), University of Michigan; Department of Epidemiology (Gagnier), School of Public Health, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Mich.; Biostat (Borenstein), Englewood, NJ; Department of Social Dentistry (van der Heijden), Academic Center for Dentistry Amsterdam, University of Amsterdam and VU University Amsterdam, Amsterdam, Netherlands; Center for Evidence Synthesis in Health (Dahabreh) and Departments of Health Services, Policy, and Practice (Dahabreh) and Epidemiology (Dahabreh), School of Public Health, Brown University, Providence, RI; Chinese Evidence-Based Medicine Center (Sun), West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China; Institute of Medical Biometry and Statistics (Sauerbrei), Faculty of Medicine and Medical Center, University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany; Population Health Research Institute (Walsh), Hamilton Health Sciences/McMaster University, Hamilton, Ont.; Departments of Medicine (Ioannidis), Health Research and Policy (Ioannidis) and Biomedical Data Science (Ioannidis), and Statistics and Meta-Research Innovation Center at Stanford (METRICS) (Ioannidis), Stanford University, Stanford, Calif.; Biostatistics Unit (Thabane), St. Joseph’s Healthcare, Hamilton, Ont.
Willi Sauerbrei
Departments of Health Research Methods, Evidence, and Impact (Schandelmaier, Briel, Walsh, Thabane, Guyatt), Medicine (Walsh, Guyatt), Pediatrics (Thabane) and Anesthesia (Thabane), McMaster University, Hamilton, Ont.; Institute for Clinical Epidemiology and Biostatistics (Schandelmaier, Briel), Department of Clinical Research, Basel University, Basel, Switzerland; Division of Biostatistics and Bioinformatics (Varadhan), Sidney Kimmel Comprehensive Cancer Center, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, Md.; Department of Biostatistics (Schmid), Brown University School of Public Health, Brown University, Providence, RI; Indian institute of Public Health-Delhi (Devasenapathy), Public Health Foundation of India, New Delhi, India; VA Center for Clinical Management and Research (Hayward); Department of Internal Medicine (Hayward), University of Michigan School of Medicine; Department of Orthopaedic Surgery (Gagnier), University of Michigan; Department of Epidemiology (Gagnier), School of Public Health, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Mich.; Biostat (Borenstein), Englewood, NJ; Department of Social Dentistry (van der Heijden), Academic Center for Dentistry Amsterdam, University of Amsterdam and VU University Amsterdam, Amsterdam, Netherlands; Center for Evidence Synthesis in Health (Dahabreh) and Departments of Health Services, Policy, and Practice (Dahabreh) and Epidemiology (Dahabreh), School of Public Health, Brown University, Providence, RI; Chinese Evidence-Based Medicine Center (Sun), West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China; Institute of Medical Biometry and Statistics (Sauerbrei), Faculty of Medicine and Medical Center, University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany; Population Health Research Institute (Walsh), Hamilton Health Sciences/McMaster University, Hamilton, Ont.; Departments of Medicine (Ioannidis), Health Research and Policy (Ioannidis) and Biomedical Data Science (Ioannidis), and Statistics and Meta-Research Innovation Center at Stanford (METRICS) (Ioannidis), Stanford University, Stanford, Calif.; Biostatistics Unit (Thabane), St. Joseph’s Healthcare, Hamilton, Ont.
Michael Walsh
Departments of Health Research Methods, Evidence, and Impact (Schandelmaier, Briel, Walsh, Thabane, Guyatt), Medicine (Walsh, Guyatt), Pediatrics (Thabane) and Anesthesia (Thabane), McMaster University, Hamilton, Ont.; Institute for Clinical Epidemiology and Biostatistics (Schandelmaier, Briel), Department of Clinical Research, Basel University, Basel, Switzerland; Division of Biostatistics and Bioinformatics (Varadhan), Sidney Kimmel Comprehensive Cancer Center, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, Md.; Department of Biostatistics (Schmid), Brown University School of Public Health, Brown University, Providence, RI; Indian institute of Public Health-Delhi (Devasenapathy), Public Health Foundation of India, New Delhi, India; VA Center for Clinical Management and Research (Hayward); Department of Internal Medicine (Hayward), University of Michigan School of Medicine; Department of Orthopaedic Surgery (Gagnier), University of Michigan; Department of Epidemiology (Gagnier), School of Public Health, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Mich.; Biostat (Borenstein), Englewood, NJ; Department of Social Dentistry (van der Heijden), Academic Center for Dentistry Amsterdam, University of Amsterdam and VU University Amsterdam, Amsterdam, Netherlands; Center for Evidence Synthesis in Health (Dahabreh) and Departments of Health Services, Policy, and Practice (Dahabreh) and Epidemiology (Dahabreh), School of Public Health, Brown University, Providence, RI; Chinese Evidence-Based Medicine Center (Sun), West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China; Institute of Medical Biometry and Statistics (Sauerbrei), Faculty of Medicine and Medical Center, University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany; Population Health Research Institute (Walsh), Hamilton Health Sciences/McMaster University, Hamilton, Ont.; Departments of Medicine (Ioannidis), Health Research and Policy (Ioannidis) and Biomedical Data Science (Ioannidis), and Statistics and Meta-Research Innovation Center at Stanford (METRICS) (Ioannidis), Stanford University, Stanford, Calif.; Biostatistics Unit (Thabane), St. Joseph’s Healthcare, Hamilton, Ont.
John P.A. Ioannidis
Departments of Health Research Methods, Evidence, and Impact (Schandelmaier, Briel, Walsh, Thabane, Guyatt), Medicine (Walsh, Guyatt), Pediatrics (Thabane) and Anesthesia (Thabane), McMaster University, Hamilton, Ont.; Institute for Clinical Epidemiology and Biostatistics (Schandelmaier, Briel), Department of Clinical Research, Basel University, Basel, Switzerland; Division of Biostatistics and Bioinformatics (Varadhan), Sidney Kimmel Comprehensive Cancer Center, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, Md.; Department of Biostatistics (Schmid), Brown University School of Public Health, Brown University, Providence, RI; Indian institute of Public Health-Delhi (Devasenapathy), Public Health Foundation of India, New Delhi, India; VA Center for Clinical Management and Research (Hayward); Department of Internal Medicine (Hayward), University of Michigan School of Medicine; Department of Orthopaedic Surgery (Gagnier), University of Michigan; Department of Epidemiology (Gagnier), School of Public Health, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Mich.; Biostat (Borenstein), Englewood, NJ; Department of Social Dentistry (van der Heijden), Academic Center for Dentistry Amsterdam, University of Amsterdam and VU University Amsterdam, Amsterdam, Netherlands; Center for Evidence Synthesis in Health (Dahabreh) and Departments of Health Services, Policy, and Practice (Dahabreh) and Epidemiology (Dahabreh), School of Public Health, Brown University, Providence, RI; Chinese Evidence-Based Medicine Center (Sun), West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China; Institute of Medical Biometry and Statistics (Sauerbrei), Faculty of Medicine and Medical Center, University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany; Population Health Research Institute (Walsh), Hamilton Health Sciences/McMaster University, Hamilton, Ont.; Departments of Medicine (Ioannidis), Health Research and Policy (Ioannidis) and Biomedical Data Science (Ioannidis), and Statistics and Meta-Research Innovation Center at Stanford (METRICS) (Ioannidis), Stanford University, Stanford, Calif.; Biostatistics Unit (Thabane), St. Joseph’s Healthcare, Hamilton, Ont.
Lehana Thabane
Departments of Health Research Methods, Evidence, and Impact (Schandelmaier, Briel, Walsh, Thabane, Guyatt), Medicine (Walsh, Guyatt), Pediatrics (Thabane) and Anesthesia (Thabane), McMaster University, Hamilton, Ont.; Institute for Clinical Epidemiology and Biostatistics (Schandelmaier, Briel), Department of Clinical Research, Basel University, Basel, Switzerland; Division of Biostatistics and Bioinformatics (Varadhan), Sidney Kimmel Comprehensive Cancer Center, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, Md.; Department of Biostatistics (Schmid), Brown University School of Public Health, Brown University, Providence, RI; Indian institute of Public Health-Delhi (Devasenapathy), Public Health Foundation of India, New Delhi, India; VA Center for Clinical Management and Research (Hayward); Department of Internal Medicine (Hayward), University of Michigan School of Medicine; Department of Orthopaedic Surgery (Gagnier), University of Michigan; Department of Epidemiology (Gagnier), School of Public Health, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Mich.; Biostat (Borenstein), Englewood, NJ; Department of Social Dentistry (van der Heijden), Academic Center for Dentistry Amsterdam, University of Amsterdam and VU University Amsterdam, Amsterdam, Netherlands; Center for Evidence Synthesis in Health (Dahabreh) and Departments of Health Services, Policy, and Practice (Dahabreh) and Epidemiology (Dahabreh), School of Public Health, Brown University, Providence, RI; Chinese Evidence-Based Medicine Center (Sun), West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China; Institute of Medical Biometry and Statistics (Sauerbrei), Faculty of Medicine and Medical Center, University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany; Population Health Research Institute (Walsh), Hamilton Health Sciences/McMaster University, Hamilton, Ont.; Departments of Medicine (Ioannidis), Health Research and Policy (Ioannidis) and Biomedical Data Science (Ioannidis), and Statistics and Meta-Research Innovation Center at Stanford (METRICS) (Ioannidis), Stanford University, Stanford, Calif.; Biostatistics Unit (Thabane), St. Joseph’s Healthcare, Hamilton, Ont.
Gordon H. Guyatt
Departments of Health Research Methods, Evidence, and Impact (Schandelmaier, Briel, Walsh, Thabane, Guyatt), Medicine (Walsh, Guyatt), Pediatrics (Thabane) and Anesthesia (Thabane), McMaster University, Hamilton, Ont.; Institute for Clinical Epidemiology and Biostatistics (Schandelmaier, Briel), Department of Clinical Research, Basel University, Basel, Switzerland; Division of Biostatistics and Bioinformatics (Varadhan), Sidney Kimmel Comprehensive Cancer Center, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, Md.; Department of Biostatistics (Schmid), Brown University School of Public Health, Brown University, Providence, RI; Indian institute of Public Health-Delhi (Devasenapathy), Public Health Foundation of India, New Delhi, India; VA Center for Clinical Management and Research (Hayward); Department of Internal Medicine (Hayward), University of Michigan School of Medicine; Department of Orthopaedic Surgery (Gagnier), University of Michigan; Department of Epidemiology (Gagnier), School of Public Health, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Mich.; Biostat (Borenstein), Englewood, NJ; Department of Social Dentistry (van der Heijden), Academic Center for Dentistry Amsterdam, University of Amsterdam and VU University Amsterdam, Amsterdam, Netherlands; Center for Evidence Synthesis in Health (Dahabreh) and Departments of Health Services, Policy, and Practice (Dahabreh) and Epidemiology (Dahabreh), School of Public Health, Brown University, Providence, RI; Chinese Evidence-Based Medicine Center (Sun), West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China; Institute of Medical Biometry and Statistics (Sauerbrei), Faculty of Medicine and Medical Center, University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany; Population Health Research Institute (Walsh), Hamilton Health Sciences/McMaster University, Hamilton, Ont.; Departments of Medicine (Ioannidis), Health Research and Policy (Ioannidis) and Biomedical Data Science (Ioannidis), and Statistics and Meta-Research Innovation Center at Stanford (METRICS) (Ioannidis), Stanford University, Stanford, Calif.; Biostatistics Unit (Thabane), St. Joseph’s Healthcare, Hamilton, Ont.
Data supplements
Online Appendices
- Appendix 1: Flow chart of the systematic survey
- Appendix 2: Candidate criteria identified in the systematic survey, their frequency of reporting and reported rationales for their use
- Appendix 3: Instrument for the Credibility of Effect Modification Analyses (ICEMAN) in randomized controlled trials and meta-analyses: manual
- Appendix 4: Details of the user-testing study of ICEMAN
- Appendix 5: Instrument for assessing the Credibility of Effect Modification Analyses (ICEMAN) in randomized controlled trials
- Appendix 6: Instrument for assessing the Credibility of Effect Modification Analyses (ICEMAN) in a meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials
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Development of the Instrument to assess the Credibility of Effect Modification Analyses (ICEMAN) in randomized controlled trials and meta-analyses
Stefan Schandelmaier, Matthias Briel, Ravi Varadhan, Christopher H. Schmid, Niveditha Devasenapathy, Rodney A. Hayward, Joel Gagnier, Michael Borenstein, Geert J.M.G. van der Heijden, Issa J. Dahabreh, Xin Sun, Willi Sauerbrei, Michael Walsh, John P.A. Ioannidis, Lehana Thabane, Gordon H. Guyatt
CMAJ Aug 2020, 192 (32) E901-E906; DOI: 10.1503/cmaj.200077
Development of the Instrument to assess the Credibility of Effect Modification Analyses (ICEMAN) in randomized controlled trials and meta-analyses
Stefan Schandelmaier, Matthias Briel, Ravi Varadhan, Christopher H. Schmid, Niveditha Devasenapathy, Rodney A. Hayward, Joel Gagnier, Michael Borenstein, Geert J.M.G. van der Heijden, Issa J. Dahabreh, Xin Sun, Willi Sauerbrei, Michael Walsh, John P.A. Ioannidis, Lehana Thabane, Gordon H. Guyatt
CMAJ Aug 2020, 192 (32) E901-E906; DOI: 10.1503/cmaj.200077
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