Efficacy and safety of antiviral treatment for COVID-19 from evidence in studies of SARS-CoV-2 and other acute viral infections: a systematic review and meta-analysis

Department of Pharmacy (W. Liu, Zhou, F. Liu, Li, He, Wu, Q. Zhang, Tang, Du, Ying, Xu, Y. Zhang, Li, Zhai), Peking University Third Hospital, Beijing, China; Institute for Drug Evaluation (Zhai, F. Liu), Departments of Pharmacy Administration and Clinical Pharmacy (Wu, Du, Y. Zhang), and Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine (Shen), Peking University Health Science Center, Beijing, China; College of Pharmacy (Chen), University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, Neb.; Department of Health Research Methods, Evidence and Impact (Ye, Ibrahim, Guyatt), McMaster University, Hamilton, Ont.; Department of Pharmacy (Gong, J. Liu), Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, Hubei, China; DeGroote Institute for Pain Research and Care (Couban), McMaster University, Hamilton, Ont.; Pharmacy Department (Y. Li), First Hospital of Shanxi Medical University, Taiyuan, Shanxi, China

Department of Pharmacy (W. Liu, Zhou, F. Liu, Li, He, Wu, Q. Zhang, Tang, Du, Ying, Xu, Y. Zhang, Li, Zhai), Peking University Third Hospital, Beijing, China; Institute for Drug Evaluation (Zhai, F. Liu), Departments of Pharmacy Administration and Clinical Pharmacy (Wu, Du, Y. Zhang), and Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine (Shen), Peking University Health Science Center, Beijing, China; College of Pharmacy (Chen), University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, Neb.; Department of Health Research Methods, Evidence and Impact (Ye, Ibrahim, Guyatt), McMaster University, Hamilton, Ont.; Department of Pharmacy (Gong, J. Liu), Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, Hubei, China; DeGroote Institute for Pain Research and Care (Couban), McMaster University, Hamilton, Ont.; Pharmacy Department (Y. Li), First Hospital of Shanxi Medical University, Taiyuan, Shanxi, China

Department of Pharmacy (W. Liu, Zhou, F. Liu, Li, He, Wu, Q. Zhang, Tang, Du, Ying, Xu, Y. Zhang, Li, Zhai), Peking University Third Hospital, Beijing, China; Institute for Drug Evaluation (Zhai, F. Liu), Departments of Pharmacy Administration and Clinical Pharmacy (Wu, Du, Y. Zhang), and Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine (Shen), Peking University Health Science Center, Beijing, China; College of Pharmacy (Chen), University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, Neb.; Department of Health Research Methods, Evidence and Impact (Ye, Ibrahim, Guyatt), McMaster University, Hamilton, Ont.; Department of Pharmacy (Gong, J. Liu), Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, Hubei, China; DeGroote Institute for Pain Research and Care (Couban), McMaster University, Hamilton, Ont.; Pharmacy Department (Y. Li), First Hospital of Shanxi Medical University, Taiyuan, Shanxi, China

Department of Pharmacy (W. Liu, Zhou, F. Liu, Li, He, Wu, Q. Zhang, Tang, Du, Ying, Xu, Y. Zhang, Li, Zhai), Peking University Third Hospital, Beijing, China; Institute for Drug Evaluation (Zhai, F. Liu), Departments of Pharmacy Administration and Clinical Pharmacy (Wu, Du, Y. Zhang), and Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine (Shen), Peking University Health Science Center, Beijing, China; College of Pharmacy (Chen), University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, Neb.; Department of Health Research Methods, Evidence and Impact (Ye, Ibrahim, Guyatt), McMaster University, Hamilton, Ont.; Department of Pharmacy (Gong, J. Liu), Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, Hubei, China; DeGroote Institute for Pain Research and Care (Couban), McMaster University, Hamilton, Ont.; Pharmacy Department (Y. Li), First Hospital of Shanxi Medical University, Taiyuan, Shanxi, China

Department of Pharmacy (W. Liu, Zhou, F. Liu, Li, He, Wu, Q. Zhang, Tang, Du, Ying, Xu, Y. Zhang, Li, Zhai), Peking University Third Hospital, Beijing, China; Institute for Drug Evaluation (Zhai, F. Liu), Departments of Pharmacy Administration and Clinical Pharmacy (Wu, Du, Y. Zhang), and Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine (Shen), Peking University Health Science Center, Beijing, China; College of Pharmacy (Chen), University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, Neb.; Department of Health Research Methods, Evidence and Impact (Ye, Ibrahim, Guyatt), McMaster University, Hamilton, Ont.; Department of Pharmacy (Gong, J. Liu), Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, Hubei, China; DeGroote Institute for Pain Research and Care (Couban), McMaster University, Hamilton, Ont.; Pharmacy Department (Y. Li), First Hospital of Shanxi Medical University, Taiyuan, Shanxi, China

Department of Pharmacy (W. Liu, Zhou, F. Liu, Li, He, Wu, Q. Zhang, Tang, Du, Ying, Xu, Y. Zhang, Li, Zhai), Peking University Third Hospital, Beijing, China; Institute for Drug Evaluation (Zhai, F. Liu), Departments of Pharmacy Administration and Clinical Pharmacy (Wu, Du, Y. Zhang), and Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine (Shen), Peking University Health Science Center, Beijing, China; College of Pharmacy (Chen), University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, Neb.; Department of Health Research Methods, Evidence and Impact (Ye, Ibrahim, Guyatt), McMaster University, Hamilton, Ont.; Department of Pharmacy (Gong, J. Liu), Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, Hubei, China; DeGroote Institute for Pain Research and Care (Couban), McMaster University, Hamilton, Ont.; Pharmacy Department (Y. Li), First Hospital of Shanxi Medical University, Taiyuan, Shanxi, China

Department of Pharmacy (W. Liu, Zhou, F. Liu, Li, He, Wu, Q. Zhang, Tang, Du, Ying, Xu, Y. Zhang, Li, Zhai), Peking University Third Hospital, Beijing, China; Institute for Drug Evaluation (Zhai, F. Liu), Departments of Pharmacy Administration and Clinical Pharmacy (Wu, Du, Y. Zhang), and Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine (Shen), Peking University Health Science Center, Beijing, China; College of Pharmacy (Chen), University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, Neb.; Department of Health Research Methods, Evidence and Impact (Ye, Ibrahim, Guyatt), McMaster University, Hamilton, Ont.; Department of Pharmacy (Gong, J. Liu), Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, Hubei, China; DeGroote Institute for Pain Research and Care (Couban), McMaster University, Hamilton, Ont.; Pharmacy Department (Y. Li), First Hospital of Shanxi Medical University, Taiyuan, Shanxi, China

Department of Pharmacy (W. Liu, Zhou, F. Liu, Li, He, Wu, Q. Zhang, Tang, Du, Ying, Xu, Y. Zhang, Li, Zhai), Peking University Third Hospital, Beijing, China; Institute for Drug Evaluation (Zhai, F. Liu), Departments of Pharmacy Administration and Clinical Pharmacy (Wu, Du, Y. Zhang), and Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine (Shen), Peking University Health Science Center, Beijing, China; College of Pharmacy (Chen), University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, Neb.; Department of Health Research Methods, Evidence and Impact (Ye, Ibrahim, Guyatt), McMaster University, Hamilton, Ont.; Department of Pharmacy (Gong, J. Liu), Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, Hubei, China; DeGroote Institute for Pain Research and Care (Couban), McMaster University, Hamilton, Ont.; Pharmacy Department (Y. Li), First Hospital of Shanxi Medical University, Taiyuan, Shanxi, China

Department of Pharmacy (W. Liu, Zhou, F. Liu, Li, He, Wu, Q. Zhang, Tang, Du, Ying, Xu, Y. Zhang, Li, Zhai), Peking University Third Hospital, Beijing, China; Institute for Drug Evaluation (Zhai, F. Liu), Departments of Pharmacy Administration and Clinical Pharmacy (Wu, Du, Y. Zhang), and Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine (Shen), Peking University Health Science Center, Beijing, China; College of Pharmacy (Chen), University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, Neb.; Department of Health Research Methods, Evidence and Impact (Ye, Ibrahim, Guyatt), McMaster University, Hamilton, Ont.; Department of Pharmacy (Gong, J. Liu), Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, Hubei, China; DeGroote Institute for Pain Research and Care (Couban), McMaster University, Hamilton, Ont.; Pharmacy Department (Y. Li), First Hospital of Shanxi Medical University, Taiyuan, Shanxi, China

Department of Pharmacy (W. Liu, Zhou, F. Liu, Li, He, Wu, Q. Zhang, Tang, Du, Ying, Xu, Y. Zhang, Li, Zhai), Peking University Third Hospital, Beijing, China; Institute for Drug Evaluation (Zhai, F. Liu), Departments of Pharmacy Administration and Clinical Pharmacy (Wu, Du, Y. Zhang), and Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine (Shen), Peking University Health Science Center, Beijing, China; College of Pharmacy (Chen), University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, Neb.; Department of Health Research Methods, Evidence and Impact (Ye, Ibrahim, Guyatt), McMaster University, Hamilton, Ont.; Department of Pharmacy (Gong, J. Liu), Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, Hubei, China; DeGroote Institute for Pain Research and Care (Couban), McMaster University, Hamilton, Ont.; Pharmacy Department (Y. Li), First Hospital of Shanxi Medical University, Taiyuan, Shanxi, China

Department of Pharmacy (W. Liu, Zhou, F. Liu, Li, He, Wu, Q. Zhang, Tang, Du, Ying, Xu, Y. Zhang, Li, Zhai), Peking University Third Hospital, Beijing, China; Institute for Drug Evaluation (Zhai, F. Liu), Departments of Pharmacy Administration and Clinical Pharmacy (Wu, Du, Y. Zhang), and Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine (Shen), Peking University Health Science Center, Beijing, China; College of Pharmacy (Chen), University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, Neb.; Department of Health Research Methods, Evidence and Impact (Ye, Ibrahim, Guyatt), McMaster University, Hamilton, Ont.; Department of Pharmacy (Gong, J. Liu), Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, Hubei, China; DeGroote Institute for Pain Research and Care (Couban), McMaster University, Hamilton, Ont.; Pharmacy Department (Y. Li), First Hospital of Shanxi Medical University, Taiyuan, Shanxi, China

Department of Pharmacy (W. Liu, Zhou, F. Liu, Li, He, Wu, Q. Zhang, Tang, Du, Ying, Xu, Y. Zhang, Li, Zhai), Peking University Third Hospital, Beijing, China; Institute for Drug Evaluation (Zhai, F. Liu), Departments of Pharmacy Administration and Clinical Pharmacy (Wu, Du, Y. Zhang), and Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine (Shen), Peking University Health Science Center, Beijing, China; College of Pharmacy (Chen), University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, Neb.; Department of Health Research Methods, Evidence and Impact (Ye, Ibrahim, Guyatt), McMaster University, Hamilton, Ont.; Department of Pharmacy (Gong, J. Liu), Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, Hubei, China; DeGroote Institute for Pain Research and Care (Couban), McMaster University, Hamilton, Ont.; Pharmacy Department (Y. Li), First Hospital of Shanxi Medical University, Taiyuan, Shanxi, China

Department of Pharmacy (W. Liu, Zhou, F. Liu, Li, He, Wu, Q. Zhang, Tang, Du, Ying, Xu, Y. Zhang, Li, Zhai), Peking University Third Hospital, Beijing, China; Institute for Drug Evaluation (Zhai, F. Liu), Departments of Pharmacy Administration and Clinical Pharmacy (Wu, Du, Y. Zhang), and Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine (Shen), Peking University Health Science Center, Beijing, China; College of Pharmacy (Chen), University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, Neb.; Department of Health Research Methods, Evidence and Impact (Ye, Ibrahim, Guyatt), McMaster University, Hamilton, Ont.; Department of Pharmacy (Gong, J. Liu), Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, Hubei, China; DeGroote Institute for Pain Research and Care (Couban), McMaster University, Hamilton, Ont.; Pharmacy Department (Y. Li), First Hospital of Shanxi Medical University, Taiyuan, Shanxi, China

Department of Pharmacy (W. Liu, Zhou, F. Liu, Li, He, Wu, Q. Zhang, Tang, Du, Ying, Xu, Y. Zhang, Li, Zhai), Peking University Third Hospital, Beijing, China; Institute for Drug Evaluation (Zhai, F. Liu), Departments of Pharmacy Administration and Clinical Pharmacy (Wu, Du, Y. Zhang), and Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine (Shen), Peking University Health Science Center, Beijing, China; College of Pharmacy (Chen), University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, Neb.; Department of Health Research Methods, Evidence and Impact (Ye, Ibrahim, Guyatt), McMaster University, Hamilton, Ont.; Department of Pharmacy (Gong, J. Liu), Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, Hubei, China; DeGroote Institute for Pain Research and Care (Couban), McMaster University, Hamilton, Ont.; Pharmacy Department (Y. Li), First Hospital of Shanxi Medical University, Taiyuan, Shanxi, China

Department of Pharmacy (W. Liu, Zhou, F. Liu, Li, He, Wu, Q. Zhang, Tang, Du, Ying, Xu, Y. Zhang, Li, Zhai), Peking University Third Hospital, Beijing, China; Institute for Drug Evaluation (Zhai, F. Liu), Departments of Pharmacy Administration and Clinical Pharmacy (Wu, Du, Y. Zhang), and Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine (Shen), Peking University Health Science Center, Beijing, China; College of Pharmacy (Chen), University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, Neb.; Department of Health Research Methods, Evidence and Impact (Ye, Ibrahim, Guyatt), McMaster University, Hamilton, Ont.; Department of Pharmacy (Gong, J. Liu), Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, Hubei, China; DeGroote Institute for Pain Research and Care (Couban), McMaster University, Hamilton, Ont.; Pharmacy Department (Y. Li), First Hospital of Shanxi Medical University, Taiyuan, Shanxi, China

Department of Pharmacy (W. Liu, Zhou, F. Liu, Li, He, Wu, Q. Zhang, Tang, Du, Ying, Xu, Y. Zhang, Li, Zhai), Peking University Third Hospital, Beijing, China; Institute for Drug Evaluation (Zhai, F. Liu), Departments of Pharmacy Administration and Clinical Pharmacy (Wu, Du, Y. Zhang), and Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine (Shen), Peking University Health Science Center, Beijing, China; College of Pharmacy (Chen), University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, Neb.; Department of Health Research Methods, Evidence and Impact (Ye, Ibrahim, Guyatt), McMaster University, Hamilton, Ont.; Department of Pharmacy (Gong, J. Liu), Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, Hubei, China; DeGroote Institute for Pain Research and Care (Couban), McMaster University, Hamilton, Ont.; Pharmacy Department (Y. Li), First Hospital of Shanxi Medical University, Taiyuan, Shanxi, China

Department of Pharmacy (W. Liu, Zhou, F. Liu, Li, He, Wu, Q. Zhang, Tang, Du, Ying, Xu, Y. Zhang, Li, Zhai), Peking University Third Hospital, Beijing, China; Institute for Drug Evaluation (Zhai, F. Liu), Departments of Pharmacy Administration and Clinical Pharmacy (Wu, Du, Y. Zhang), and Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine (Shen), Peking University Health Science Center, Beijing, China; College of Pharmacy (Chen), University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, Neb.; Department of Health Research Methods, Evidence and Impact (Ye, Ibrahim, Guyatt), McMaster University, Hamilton, Ont.; Department of Pharmacy (Gong, J. Liu), Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, Hubei, China; DeGroote Institute for Pain Research and Care (Couban), McMaster University, Hamilton, Ont.; Pharmacy Department (Y. Li), First Hospital of Shanxi Medical University, Taiyuan, Shanxi, China

Department of Pharmacy (W. Liu, Zhou, F. Liu, Li, He, Wu, Q. Zhang, Tang, Du, Ying, Xu, Y. Zhang, Li, Zhai), Peking University Third Hospital, Beijing, China; Institute for Drug Evaluation (Zhai, F. Liu), Departments of Pharmacy Administration and Clinical Pharmacy (Wu, Du, Y. Zhang), and Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine (Shen), Peking University Health Science Center, Beijing, China; College of Pharmacy (Chen), University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, Neb.; Department of Health Research Methods, Evidence and Impact (Ye, Ibrahim, Guyatt), McMaster University, Hamilton, Ont.; Department of Pharmacy (Gong, J. Liu), Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, Hubei, China; DeGroote Institute for Pain Research and Care (Couban), McMaster University, Hamilton, Ont.; Pharmacy Department (Y. Li), First Hospital of Shanxi Medical University, Taiyuan, Shanxi, China

Department of Pharmacy (W. Liu, Zhou, F. Liu, Li, He, Wu, Q. Zhang, Tang, Du, Ying, Xu, Y. Zhang, Li, Zhai), Peking University Third Hospital, Beijing, China; Institute for Drug Evaluation (Zhai, F. Liu), Departments of Pharmacy Administration and Clinical Pharmacy (Wu, Du, Y. Zhang), and Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine (Shen), Peking University Health Science Center, Beijing, China; College of Pharmacy (Chen), University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, Neb.; Department of Health Research Methods, Evidence and Impact (Ye, Ibrahim, Guyatt), McMaster University, Hamilton, Ont.; Department of Pharmacy (Gong, J. Liu), Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, Hubei, China; DeGroote Institute for Pain Research and Care (Couban), McMaster University, Hamilton, Ont.; Pharmacy Department (Y. Li), First Hospital of Shanxi Medical University, Taiyuan, Shanxi, China

Department of Pharmacy (W. Liu, Zhou, F. Liu, Li, He, Wu, Q. Zhang, Tang, Du, Ying, Xu, Y. Zhang, Li, Zhai), Peking University Third Hospital, Beijing, China; Institute for Drug Evaluation (Zhai, F. Liu), Departments of Pharmacy Administration and Clinical Pharmacy (Wu, Du, Y. Zhang), and Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine (Shen), Peking University Health Science Center, Beijing, China; College of Pharmacy (Chen), University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, Neb.; Department of Health Research Methods, Evidence and Impact (Ye, Ibrahim, Guyatt), McMaster University, Hamilton, Ont.; Department of Pharmacy (Gong, J. Liu), Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, Hubei, China; DeGroote Institute for Pain Research and Care (Couban), McMaster University, Hamilton, Ont.; Pharmacy Department (Y. Li), First Hospital of Shanxi Medical University, Taiyuan, Shanxi, China

Department of Pharmacy (W. Liu, Zhou, F. Liu, Li, He, Wu, Q. Zhang, Tang, Du, Ying, Xu, Y. Zhang, Li, Zhai), Peking University Third Hospital, Beijing, China; Institute for Drug Evaluation (Zhai, F. Liu), Departments of Pharmacy Administration and Clinical Pharmacy (Wu, Du, Y. Zhang), and Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine (Shen), Peking University Health Science Center, Beijing, China; College of Pharmacy (Chen), University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, Neb.; Department of Health Research Methods, Evidence and Impact (Ye, Ibrahim, Guyatt), McMaster University, Hamilton, Ont.; Department of Pharmacy (Gong, J. Liu), Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, Hubei, China; DeGroote Institute for Pain Research and Care (Couban), McMaster University, Hamilton, Ont.; Pharmacy Department (Y. Li), First Hospital of Shanxi Medical University, Taiyuan, Shanxi, China

Department of Pharmacy (W. Liu, Zhou, F. Liu, Li, He, Wu, Q. Zhang, Tang, Du, Ying, Xu, Y. Zhang, Li, Zhai), Peking University Third Hospital, Beijing, China; Institute for Drug Evaluation (Zhai, F. Liu), Departments of Pharmacy Administration and Clinical Pharmacy (Wu, Du, Y. Zhang), and Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine (Shen), Peking University Health Science Center, Beijing, China; College of Pharmacy (Chen), University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, Neb.; Department of Health Research Methods, Evidence and Impact (Ye, Ibrahim, Guyatt), McMaster University, Hamilton, Ont.; Department of Pharmacy (Gong, J. Liu), Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, Hubei, China; DeGroote Institute for Pain Research and Care (Couban), McMaster University, Hamilton, Ont.; Pharmacy Department (Y. Li), First Hospital of Shanxi Medical University, Taiyuan, Shanxi, China