Uncalm before the storm

Preparing for crisis

Worries can seem impossible to turn off, so Gautam recommends giving them 20 minutes a day. “Ruminating is not productive when it’s going on past that,” she says.

Now is the time to tend to any “holes in our energy tank” by figuring out what tasks can be delegated or dropped, Gautam adds. “Maybe that playroom doesn’t have to be cleaned up,” she suggests. Health workers need to make sure they are filling their tanks, too, by setting up routines and paying attention to relationships that give them energy, whether that’s taking a walk or chatting with a friend.

According to Dr. Robert Maunder, head of research in Mount Sinai Hospital’s department of psychiatry, the anticipation of traumatic events is “almost always worse than the actual exposure” because people tend to focus on worst-case scenarios. During the 2003 severe acute respiratory syndrome (SARS) outbreak, 18% to 57% of health workers experienced substantial emotional distress, but very few experienced lasting psychological harm.

In a recent video about how to cope with COVID-19, he and fellow psychiatrist Dr. Jon Hunter encouraged colleagues to focus on and remind themselves of the things they can control.

“There is so much of this situation that’s not in the individual’s control,” Maunder explains. But there are also many things within every health professional’s power. For example, he suggests, “I have been well trained. I know the hand-washing protocol. I know how to don and doff my personal protective equipment.”

At Mount Sinai, Maunder and his colleagues are offering mental health rounds, expanding drop-in hours for health workers and training peer supporters in every department.

Weathering the storm

Kindness and compassion are paramount in a crisis. According to Maunder, many of the stresses that emerged during the 2003 SARS pandemic were “interpersonal,” with communication breaking down between frontline workers, managers and leaders. “Everybody is working tired, so they get grumpy with each other,” he says.

Canada’s COVID-19 outbreak is not yet at its peak, but its psychological impact is already being felt among health workers.

Image courtesy of iStock.com/aetb

According to Gautam, it’s important to remember that decision makers and colleagues are doing their best as the situation changes from one hour to the next. “We’re all human beings caring for other human beings,” she says, and focusing on that truth builds connection and soothes resentment.

Health workers may also find it helpful to remember why they chose their profession, and to remind their colleagues, too. “The heart and the passion are what help people come in every day. That’s what we need to tap into now as we move forward together,” Gautam says.

Maunder calls this “finding meaning.” Tapping into the bigger picture of solidarity with colleagues and compassion for patients are key to weathering extremely difficult events, he says.

It’s normal when a situation becomes overwhelming to ask questions like “What’s the point?” Maunder says the answers to those questions “always bring us back to our values.”

In the aftermath

Dr. Sandro Galea, dean of the Boston University School of Public Health, has written extensively on the population-wide mental health effects of what he calls “unexpected, large, traumatic events,” such as Hurricane Katrina and SARS. Affected populations experience higher rates of depression, substance use and posttraumatic stress disorder for months and even years after the fact, he said.

Some health workers won’t notice psychological effects until the pandemic is over. “In the short term, there are adjustments to the stressor,” Galea explains. As health workers focus on meeting the immediate physical needs of themselves, their families and their patients they often consciously push aside their emotional responses. But, once the crisis passes, suppressed fear, sadness, guilt and anger can come to the fore.

This delay in response is why patients aren’t diagnosed with PTSD until at least one month after exposure to trauma, Galea explains. “We have to wait for the adjustment to pass.”

For this reason, services to support health workers should continue after a crisis has passed, and advocates must build awareness that long-term effects are expected, he says.

Normalizing the psychological effects of a crisis can make it easier for health workers to seek help. In a study Maunder and colleagues conducted of health workers in Toronto who responded to the SARS outbreak, those who felt adequately trained and supported in their workplace were less likely to be diagnosed with a psychiatric disorder in the years after.

Long-term, system-wide solutions — like avoiding over-scheduling and efforts to reduce violence in the emergency department — are also vital to help health workers weather stressful periods, Maunder says. “The most impactful solutions will not be individual ones, but systemic ones.”