Guideline
Canadian Cardiovascular Harmonized National Guidelines Endeavour (C-CHANGE) guideline for the prevention and management of cardiovascular disease in primary care: 2018 update
Sheldon W. Tobe, James A. Stone, Todd Anderson, Simon Bacon, Alice Y.Y. Cheng, Stella S. Daskalopoulou, Justin A. Ezekowitz, Jean C. Gregoire, Gord Gubitz, Rahul Jain, Karim Keshavjee, Patty Lindsay, Mary L’Abbe, David C.W. Lau, Lawrence A. Leiter, Eileen O’Meara, Glen J. Pearson, Doreen M. Rabi, Diana Sherifali, Peter Selby, Jack V. Tu, Sean Wharton, Kimberly M. Walker, Diane Hua-Stewart and Peter P. Liu
CMAJ October 09, 2018 190 (40) E1192-E1206; DOI: https://doi.org/10.1503/cmaj.180194
Sheldon W. Tobe
Libin Cardiovascular Institute, Cumming School of Medicine (Anderson), University of Calgary, Calgary, Alta.; Department of Health, Kinesiology, and Applied Physiology (Bacon), Concordia University, Montreal, Que. & Montreal Behavioural Medicine Centre, CIUSSS-NIM, Montreal, Que.; St. Michael’s Hospital (Cheng), University of Toronto, Toronto, Ont.; McGill University (Daskalopoulou), Montreal, Que.; Department of Medicine (Ezekowitz), University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alta.; Institut de cardiologie de Montreal (Gregoire), Montreal, Que.; Universite de Montreal (Gubitz), Montreal, Que.; Sunnybrook Research Institute (Hua-Stewart), Toronto, Ont.; Department of Family and Community Medicine (Jain), Sunnybrook Health Sciences Centre, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ont.; Institute of Health Policy, Management and Evaluation (Keshavjee), University of Toronto, Toronto, Ont.; Department of Nutritional Sciences (L’Abbe), University of Toronto, Toronto, Ont.; Department of Medicine and Libin Cardiovascular Institute (Lau), Cumming School of Medicine, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alta.; Li Ka Shing Knowledge Institute (Leiter), St. Michael’s Hospital, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ont.; Heart and Stroke Foundation (Lindsay), Ottawa, Ont.; Ottawa Heart Institute (Liu), University of Ottawa, Ottawa, Ont.; Insitut de Cardiologie de Montreal (O’Meara), Universite de Montreal, Montreal, Que.; Division of Cardiology, Mazankowski Alberta Heart Institute; University of Alberta, Faculty of Medicine and Dentistry (Pearson), Edmonton, Alta.; Departments of Medicine, Community Health and Cardiac Sciences (Rabi), University of Calgary, Calgary, Alta.; Centre for Addiction and Mental Health, Departments of Family and Community Medicine, Psychiatry and Public Health Sciences (Selby), University of Toronto, Toronto, Ont.; School of Nursing and Health Research Methods, Evidence and Impact, Faculty of Health Sciences (Sherifali), McMaster University, Hamilton, Ont.; Libin Cardiovascular Institute (Stone), University of Calgary, Calgary, Alta.; Division of Nephrology (Tobe), Sunnybrook Health Sciences Centre, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ont.; ICES, Sunnybrook Research Institute (Tu), University of Toronto, Toronto, Ont.; St. Joseph’s Health Care Centre (Walker), Toronto, Ont.; McMaster University (Wharton), Hamilton Ont.; York University (Wharton), Toronto, Ont.
James A. Stone
Libin Cardiovascular Institute, Cumming School of Medicine (Anderson), University of Calgary, Calgary, Alta.; Department of Health, Kinesiology, and Applied Physiology (Bacon), Concordia University, Montreal, Que. & Montreal Behavioural Medicine Centre, CIUSSS-NIM, Montreal, Que.; St. Michael’s Hospital (Cheng), University of Toronto, Toronto, Ont.; McGill University (Daskalopoulou), Montreal, Que.; Department of Medicine (Ezekowitz), University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alta.; Institut de cardiologie de Montreal (Gregoire), Montreal, Que.; Universite de Montreal (Gubitz), Montreal, Que.; Sunnybrook Research Institute (Hua-Stewart), Toronto, Ont.; Department of Family and Community Medicine (Jain), Sunnybrook Health Sciences Centre, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ont.; Institute of Health Policy, Management and Evaluation (Keshavjee), University of Toronto, Toronto, Ont.; Department of Nutritional Sciences (L’Abbe), University of Toronto, Toronto, Ont.; Department of Medicine and Libin Cardiovascular Institute (Lau), Cumming School of Medicine, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alta.; Li Ka Shing Knowledge Institute (Leiter), St. Michael’s Hospital, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ont.; Heart and Stroke Foundation (Lindsay), Ottawa, Ont.; Ottawa Heart Institute (Liu), University of Ottawa, Ottawa, Ont.; Insitut de Cardiologie de Montreal (O’Meara), Universite de Montreal, Montreal, Que.; Division of Cardiology, Mazankowski Alberta Heart Institute; University of Alberta, Faculty of Medicine and Dentistry (Pearson), Edmonton, Alta.; Departments of Medicine, Community Health and Cardiac Sciences (Rabi), University of Calgary, Calgary, Alta.; Centre for Addiction and Mental Health, Departments of Family and Community Medicine, Psychiatry and Public Health Sciences (Selby), University of Toronto, Toronto, Ont.; School of Nursing and Health Research Methods, Evidence and Impact, Faculty of Health Sciences (Sherifali), McMaster University, Hamilton, Ont.; Libin Cardiovascular Institute (Stone), University of Calgary, Calgary, Alta.; Division of Nephrology (Tobe), Sunnybrook Health Sciences Centre, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ont.; ICES, Sunnybrook Research Institute (Tu), University of Toronto, Toronto, Ont.; St. Joseph’s Health Care Centre (Walker), Toronto, Ont.; McMaster University (Wharton), Hamilton Ont.; York University (Wharton), Toronto, Ont.
Todd Anderson
Libin Cardiovascular Institute, Cumming School of Medicine (Anderson), University of Calgary, Calgary, Alta.; Department of Health, Kinesiology, and Applied Physiology (Bacon), Concordia University, Montreal, Que. & Montreal Behavioural Medicine Centre, CIUSSS-NIM, Montreal, Que.; St. Michael’s Hospital (Cheng), University of Toronto, Toronto, Ont.; McGill University (Daskalopoulou), Montreal, Que.; Department of Medicine (Ezekowitz), University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alta.; Institut de cardiologie de Montreal (Gregoire), Montreal, Que.; Universite de Montreal (Gubitz), Montreal, Que.; Sunnybrook Research Institute (Hua-Stewart), Toronto, Ont.; Department of Family and Community Medicine (Jain), Sunnybrook Health Sciences Centre, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ont.; Institute of Health Policy, Management and Evaluation (Keshavjee), University of Toronto, Toronto, Ont.; Department of Nutritional Sciences (L’Abbe), University of Toronto, Toronto, Ont.; Department of Medicine and Libin Cardiovascular Institute (Lau), Cumming School of Medicine, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alta.; Li Ka Shing Knowledge Institute (Leiter), St. Michael’s Hospital, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ont.; Heart and Stroke Foundation (Lindsay), Ottawa, Ont.; Ottawa Heart Institute (Liu), University of Ottawa, Ottawa, Ont.; Insitut de Cardiologie de Montreal (O’Meara), Universite de Montreal, Montreal, Que.; Division of Cardiology, Mazankowski Alberta Heart Institute; University of Alberta, Faculty of Medicine and Dentistry (Pearson), Edmonton, Alta.; Departments of Medicine, Community Health and Cardiac Sciences (Rabi), University of Calgary, Calgary, Alta.; Centre for Addiction and Mental Health, Departments of Family and Community Medicine, Psychiatry and Public Health Sciences (Selby), University of Toronto, Toronto, Ont.; School of Nursing and Health Research Methods, Evidence and Impact, Faculty of Health Sciences (Sherifali), McMaster University, Hamilton, Ont.; Libin Cardiovascular Institute (Stone), University of Calgary, Calgary, Alta.; Division of Nephrology (Tobe), Sunnybrook Health Sciences Centre, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ont.; ICES, Sunnybrook Research Institute (Tu), University of Toronto, Toronto, Ont.; St. Joseph’s Health Care Centre (Walker), Toronto, Ont.; McMaster University (Wharton), Hamilton Ont.; York University (Wharton), Toronto, Ont.
Simon Bacon
Libin Cardiovascular Institute, Cumming School of Medicine (Anderson), University of Calgary, Calgary, Alta.; Department of Health, Kinesiology, and Applied Physiology (Bacon), Concordia University, Montreal, Que. & Montreal Behavioural Medicine Centre, CIUSSS-NIM, Montreal, Que.; St. Michael’s Hospital (Cheng), University of Toronto, Toronto, Ont.; McGill University (Daskalopoulou), Montreal, Que.; Department of Medicine (Ezekowitz), University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alta.; Institut de cardiologie de Montreal (Gregoire), Montreal, Que.; Universite de Montreal (Gubitz), Montreal, Que.; Sunnybrook Research Institute (Hua-Stewart), Toronto, Ont.; Department of Family and Community Medicine (Jain), Sunnybrook Health Sciences Centre, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ont.; Institute of Health Policy, Management and Evaluation (Keshavjee), University of Toronto, Toronto, Ont.; Department of Nutritional Sciences (L’Abbe), University of Toronto, Toronto, Ont.; Department of Medicine and Libin Cardiovascular Institute (Lau), Cumming School of Medicine, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alta.; Li Ka Shing Knowledge Institute (Leiter), St. Michael’s Hospital, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ont.; Heart and Stroke Foundation (Lindsay), Ottawa, Ont.; Ottawa Heart Institute (Liu), University of Ottawa, Ottawa, Ont.; Insitut de Cardiologie de Montreal (O’Meara), Universite de Montreal, Montreal, Que.; Division of Cardiology, Mazankowski Alberta Heart Institute; University of Alberta, Faculty of Medicine and Dentistry (Pearson), Edmonton, Alta.; Departments of Medicine, Community Health and Cardiac Sciences (Rabi), University of Calgary, Calgary, Alta.; Centre for Addiction and Mental Health, Departments of Family and Community Medicine, Psychiatry and Public Health Sciences (Selby), University of Toronto, Toronto, Ont.; School of Nursing and Health Research Methods, Evidence and Impact, Faculty of Health Sciences (Sherifali), McMaster University, Hamilton, Ont.; Libin Cardiovascular Institute (Stone), University of Calgary, Calgary, Alta.; Division of Nephrology (Tobe), Sunnybrook Health Sciences Centre, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ont.; ICES, Sunnybrook Research Institute (Tu), University of Toronto, Toronto, Ont.; St. Joseph’s Health Care Centre (Walker), Toronto, Ont.; McMaster University (Wharton), Hamilton Ont.; York University (Wharton), Toronto, Ont.
Alice Y.Y. Cheng
Libin Cardiovascular Institute, Cumming School of Medicine (Anderson), University of Calgary, Calgary, Alta.; Department of Health, Kinesiology, and Applied Physiology (Bacon), Concordia University, Montreal, Que. & Montreal Behavioural Medicine Centre, CIUSSS-NIM, Montreal, Que.; St. Michael’s Hospital (Cheng), University of Toronto, Toronto, Ont.; McGill University (Daskalopoulou), Montreal, Que.; Department of Medicine (Ezekowitz), University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alta.; Institut de cardiologie de Montreal (Gregoire), Montreal, Que.; Universite de Montreal (Gubitz), Montreal, Que.; Sunnybrook Research Institute (Hua-Stewart), Toronto, Ont.; Department of Family and Community Medicine (Jain), Sunnybrook Health Sciences Centre, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ont.; Institute of Health Policy, Management and Evaluation (Keshavjee), University of Toronto, Toronto, Ont.; Department of Nutritional Sciences (L’Abbe), University of Toronto, Toronto, Ont.; Department of Medicine and Libin Cardiovascular Institute (Lau), Cumming School of Medicine, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alta.; Li Ka Shing Knowledge Institute (Leiter), St. Michael’s Hospital, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ont.; Heart and Stroke Foundation (Lindsay), Ottawa, Ont.; Ottawa Heart Institute (Liu), University of Ottawa, Ottawa, Ont.; Insitut de Cardiologie de Montreal (O’Meara), Universite de Montreal, Montreal, Que.; Division of Cardiology, Mazankowski Alberta Heart Institute; University of Alberta, Faculty of Medicine and Dentistry (Pearson), Edmonton, Alta.; Departments of Medicine, Community Health and Cardiac Sciences (Rabi), University of Calgary, Calgary, Alta.; Centre for Addiction and Mental Health, Departments of Family and Community Medicine, Psychiatry and Public Health Sciences (Selby), University of Toronto, Toronto, Ont.; School of Nursing and Health Research Methods, Evidence and Impact, Faculty of Health Sciences (Sherifali), McMaster University, Hamilton, Ont.; Libin Cardiovascular Institute (Stone), University of Calgary, Calgary, Alta.; Division of Nephrology (Tobe), Sunnybrook Health Sciences Centre, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ont.; ICES, Sunnybrook Research Institute (Tu), University of Toronto, Toronto, Ont.; St. Joseph’s Health Care Centre (Walker), Toronto, Ont.; McMaster University (Wharton), Hamilton Ont.; York University (Wharton), Toronto, Ont.
Stella S. Daskalopoulou
Libin Cardiovascular Institute, Cumming School of Medicine (Anderson), University of Calgary, Calgary, Alta.; Department of Health, Kinesiology, and Applied Physiology (Bacon), Concordia University, Montreal, Que. & Montreal Behavioural Medicine Centre, CIUSSS-NIM, Montreal, Que.; St. Michael’s Hospital (Cheng), University of Toronto, Toronto, Ont.; McGill University (Daskalopoulou), Montreal, Que.; Department of Medicine (Ezekowitz), University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alta.; Institut de cardiologie de Montreal (Gregoire), Montreal, Que.; Universite de Montreal (Gubitz), Montreal, Que.; Sunnybrook Research Institute (Hua-Stewart), Toronto, Ont.; Department of Family and Community Medicine (Jain), Sunnybrook Health Sciences Centre, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ont.; Institute of Health Policy, Management and Evaluation (Keshavjee), University of Toronto, Toronto, Ont.; Department of Nutritional Sciences (L’Abbe), University of Toronto, Toronto, Ont.; Department of Medicine and Libin Cardiovascular Institute (Lau), Cumming School of Medicine, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alta.; Li Ka Shing Knowledge Institute (Leiter), St. Michael’s Hospital, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ont.; Heart and Stroke Foundation (Lindsay), Ottawa, Ont.; Ottawa Heart Institute (Liu), University of Ottawa, Ottawa, Ont.; Insitut de Cardiologie de Montreal (O’Meara), Universite de Montreal, Montreal, Que.; Division of Cardiology, Mazankowski Alberta Heart Institute; University of Alberta, Faculty of Medicine and Dentistry (Pearson), Edmonton, Alta.; Departments of Medicine, Community Health and Cardiac Sciences (Rabi), University of Calgary, Calgary, Alta.; Centre for Addiction and Mental Health, Departments of Family and Community Medicine, Psychiatry and Public Health Sciences (Selby), University of Toronto, Toronto, Ont.; School of Nursing and Health Research Methods, Evidence and Impact, Faculty of Health Sciences (Sherifali), McMaster University, Hamilton, Ont.; Libin Cardiovascular Institute (Stone), University of Calgary, Calgary, Alta.; Division of Nephrology (Tobe), Sunnybrook Health Sciences Centre, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ont.; ICES, Sunnybrook Research Institute (Tu), University of Toronto, Toronto, Ont.; St. Joseph’s Health Care Centre (Walker), Toronto, Ont.; McMaster University (Wharton), Hamilton Ont.; York University (Wharton), Toronto, Ont.
Justin A. Ezekowitz
Libin Cardiovascular Institute, Cumming School of Medicine (Anderson), University of Calgary, Calgary, Alta.; Department of Health, Kinesiology, and Applied Physiology (Bacon), Concordia University, Montreal, Que. & Montreal Behavioural Medicine Centre, CIUSSS-NIM, Montreal, Que.; St. Michael’s Hospital (Cheng), University of Toronto, Toronto, Ont.; McGill University (Daskalopoulou), Montreal, Que.; Department of Medicine (Ezekowitz), University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alta.; Institut de cardiologie de Montreal (Gregoire), Montreal, Que.; Universite de Montreal (Gubitz), Montreal, Que.; Sunnybrook Research Institute (Hua-Stewart), Toronto, Ont.; Department of Family and Community Medicine (Jain), Sunnybrook Health Sciences Centre, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ont.; Institute of Health Policy, Management and Evaluation (Keshavjee), University of Toronto, Toronto, Ont.; Department of Nutritional Sciences (L’Abbe), University of Toronto, Toronto, Ont.; Department of Medicine and Libin Cardiovascular Institute (Lau), Cumming School of Medicine, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alta.; Li Ka Shing Knowledge Institute (Leiter), St. Michael’s Hospital, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ont.; Heart and Stroke Foundation (Lindsay), Ottawa, Ont.; Ottawa Heart Institute (Liu), University of Ottawa, Ottawa, Ont.; Insitut de Cardiologie de Montreal (O’Meara), Universite de Montreal, Montreal, Que.; Division of Cardiology, Mazankowski Alberta Heart Institute; University of Alberta, Faculty of Medicine and Dentistry (Pearson), Edmonton, Alta.; Departments of Medicine, Community Health and Cardiac Sciences (Rabi), University of Calgary, Calgary, Alta.; Centre for Addiction and Mental Health, Departments of Family and Community Medicine, Psychiatry and Public Health Sciences (Selby), University of Toronto, Toronto, Ont.; School of Nursing and Health Research Methods, Evidence and Impact, Faculty of Health Sciences (Sherifali), McMaster University, Hamilton, Ont.; Libin Cardiovascular Institute (Stone), University of Calgary, Calgary, Alta.; Division of Nephrology (Tobe), Sunnybrook Health Sciences Centre, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ont.; ICES, Sunnybrook Research Institute (Tu), University of Toronto, Toronto, Ont.; St. Joseph’s Health Care Centre (Walker), Toronto, Ont.; McMaster University (Wharton), Hamilton Ont.; York University (Wharton), Toronto, Ont.
Jean C. Gregoire
Libin Cardiovascular Institute, Cumming School of Medicine (Anderson), University of Calgary, Calgary, Alta.; Department of Health, Kinesiology, and Applied Physiology (Bacon), Concordia University, Montreal, Que. & Montreal Behavioural Medicine Centre, CIUSSS-NIM, Montreal, Que.; St. Michael’s Hospital (Cheng), University of Toronto, Toronto, Ont.; McGill University (Daskalopoulou), Montreal, Que.; Department of Medicine (Ezekowitz), University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alta.; Institut de cardiologie de Montreal (Gregoire), Montreal, Que.; Universite de Montreal (Gubitz), Montreal, Que.; Sunnybrook Research Institute (Hua-Stewart), Toronto, Ont.; Department of Family and Community Medicine (Jain), Sunnybrook Health Sciences Centre, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ont.; Institute of Health Policy, Management and Evaluation (Keshavjee), University of Toronto, Toronto, Ont.; Department of Nutritional Sciences (L’Abbe), University of Toronto, Toronto, Ont.; Department of Medicine and Libin Cardiovascular Institute (Lau), Cumming School of Medicine, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alta.; Li Ka Shing Knowledge Institute (Leiter), St. Michael’s Hospital, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ont.; Heart and Stroke Foundation (Lindsay), Ottawa, Ont.; Ottawa Heart Institute (Liu), University of Ottawa, Ottawa, Ont.; Insitut de Cardiologie de Montreal (O’Meara), Universite de Montreal, Montreal, Que.; Division of Cardiology, Mazankowski Alberta Heart Institute; University of Alberta, Faculty of Medicine and Dentistry (Pearson), Edmonton, Alta.; Departments of Medicine, Community Health and Cardiac Sciences (Rabi), University of Calgary, Calgary, Alta.; Centre for Addiction and Mental Health, Departments of Family and Community Medicine, Psychiatry and Public Health Sciences (Selby), University of Toronto, Toronto, Ont.; School of Nursing and Health Research Methods, Evidence and Impact, Faculty of Health Sciences (Sherifali), McMaster University, Hamilton, Ont.; Libin Cardiovascular Institute (Stone), University of Calgary, Calgary, Alta.; Division of Nephrology (Tobe), Sunnybrook Health Sciences Centre, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ont.; ICES, Sunnybrook Research Institute (Tu), University of Toronto, Toronto, Ont.; St. Joseph’s Health Care Centre (Walker), Toronto, Ont.; McMaster University (Wharton), Hamilton Ont.; York University (Wharton), Toronto, Ont.
Gord Gubitz
Libin Cardiovascular Institute, Cumming School of Medicine (Anderson), University of Calgary, Calgary, Alta.; Department of Health, Kinesiology, and Applied Physiology (Bacon), Concordia University, Montreal, Que. & Montreal Behavioural Medicine Centre, CIUSSS-NIM, Montreal, Que.; St. Michael’s Hospital (Cheng), University of Toronto, Toronto, Ont.; McGill University (Daskalopoulou), Montreal, Que.; Department of Medicine (Ezekowitz), University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alta.; Institut de cardiologie de Montreal (Gregoire), Montreal, Que.; Universite de Montreal (Gubitz), Montreal, Que.; Sunnybrook Research Institute (Hua-Stewart), Toronto, Ont.; Department of Family and Community Medicine (Jain), Sunnybrook Health Sciences Centre, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ont.; Institute of Health Policy, Management and Evaluation (Keshavjee), University of Toronto, Toronto, Ont.; Department of Nutritional Sciences (L’Abbe), University of Toronto, Toronto, Ont.; Department of Medicine and Libin Cardiovascular Institute (Lau), Cumming School of Medicine, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alta.; Li Ka Shing Knowledge Institute (Leiter), St. Michael’s Hospital, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ont.; Heart and Stroke Foundation (Lindsay), Ottawa, Ont.; Ottawa Heart Institute (Liu), University of Ottawa, Ottawa, Ont.; Insitut de Cardiologie de Montreal (O’Meara), Universite de Montreal, Montreal, Que.; Division of Cardiology, Mazankowski Alberta Heart Institute; University of Alberta, Faculty of Medicine and Dentistry (Pearson), Edmonton, Alta.; Departments of Medicine, Community Health and Cardiac Sciences (Rabi), University of Calgary, Calgary, Alta.; Centre for Addiction and Mental Health, Departments of Family and Community Medicine, Psychiatry and Public Health Sciences (Selby), University of Toronto, Toronto, Ont.; School of Nursing and Health Research Methods, Evidence and Impact, Faculty of Health Sciences (Sherifali), McMaster University, Hamilton, Ont.; Libin Cardiovascular Institute (Stone), University of Calgary, Calgary, Alta.; Division of Nephrology (Tobe), Sunnybrook Health Sciences Centre, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ont.; ICES, Sunnybrook Research Institute (Tu), University of Toronto, Toronto, Ont.; St. Joseph’s Health Care Centre (Walker), Toronto, Ont.; McMaster University (Wharton), Hamilton Ont.; York University (Wharton), Toronto, Ont.
Rahul Jain
Libin Cardiovascular Institute, Cumming School of Medicine (Anderson), University of Calgary, Calgary, Alta.; Department of Health, Kinesiology, and Applied Physiology (Bacon), Concordia University, Montreal, Que. & Montreal Behavioural Medicine Centre, CIUSSS-NIM, Montreal, Que.; St. Michael’s Hospital (Cheng), University of Toronto, Toronto, Ont.; McGill University (Daskalopoulou), Montreal, Que.; Department of Medicine (Ezekowitz), University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alta.; Institut de cardiologie de Montreal (Gregoire), Montreal, Que.; Universite de Montreal (Gubitz), Montreal, Que.; Sunnybrook Research Institute (Hua-Stewart), Toronto, Ont.; Department of Family and Community Medicine (Jain), Sunnybrook Health Sciences Centre, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ont.; Institute of Health Policy, Management and Evaluation (Keshavjee), University of Toronto, Toronto, Ont.; Department of Nutritional Sciences (L’Abbe), University of Toronto, Toronto, Ont.; Department of Medicine and Libin Cardiovascular Institute (Lau), Cumming School of Medicine, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alta.; Li Ka Shing Knowledge Institute (Leiter), St. Michael’s Hospital, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ont.; Heart and Stroke Foundation (Lindsay), Ottawa, Ont.; Ottawa Heart Institute (Liu), University of Ottawa, Ottawa, Ont.; Insitut de Cardiologie de Montreal (O’Meara), Universite de Montreal, Montreal, Que.; Division of Cardiology, Mazankowski Alberta Heart Institute; University of Alberta, Faculty of Medicine and Dentistry (Pearson), Edmonton, Alta.; Departments of Medicine, Community Health and Cardiac Sciences (Rabi), University of Calgary, Calgary, Alta.; Centre for Addiction and Mental Health, Departments of Family and Community Medicine, Psychiatry and Public Health Sciences (Selby), University of Toronto, Toronto, Ont.; School of Nursing and Health Research Methods, Evidence and Impact, Faculty of Health Sciences (Sherifali), McMaster University, Hamilton, Ont.; Libin Cardiovascular Institute (Stone), University of Calgary, Calgary, Alta.; Division of Nephrology (Tobe), Sunnybrook Health Sciences Centre, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ont.; ICES, Sunnybrook Research Institute (Tu), University of Toronto, Toronto, Ont.; St. Joseph’s Health Care Centre (Walker), Toronto, Ont.; McMaster University (Wharton), Hamilton Ont.; York University (Wharton), Toronto, Ont.
Karim Keshavjee
Libin Cardiovascular Institute, Cumming School of Medicine (Anderson), University of Calgary, Calgary, Alta.; Department of Health, Kinesiology, and Applied Physiology (Bacon), Concordia University, Montreal, Que. & Montreal Behavioural Medicine Centre, CIUSSS-NIM, Montreal, Que.; St. Michael’s Hospital (Cheng), University of Toronto, Toronto, Ont.; McGill University (Daskalopoulou), Montreal, Que.; Department of Medicine (Ezekowitz), University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alta.; Institut de cardiologie de Montreal (Gregoire), Montreal, Que.; Universite de Montreal (Gubitz), Montreal, Que.; Sunnybrook Research Institute (Hua-Stewart), Toronto, Ont.; Department of Family and Community Medicine (Jain), Sunnybrook Health Sciences Centre, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ont.; Institute of Health Policy, Management and Evaluation (Keshavjee), University of Toronto, Toronto, Ont.; Department of Nutritional Sciences (L’Abbe), University of Toronto, Toronto, Ont.; Department of Medicine and Libin Cardiovascular Institute (Lau), Cumming School of Medicine, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alta.; Li Ka Shing Knowledge Institute (Leiter), St. Michael’s Hospital, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ont.; Heart and Stroke Foundation (Lindsay), Ottawa, Ont.; Ottawa Heart Institute (Liu), University of Ottawa, Ottawa, Ont.; Insitut de Cardiologie de Montreal (O’Meara), Universite de Montreal, Montreal, Que.; Division of Cardiology, Mazankowski Alberta Heart Institute; University of Alberta, Faculty of Medicine and Dentistry (Pearson), Edmonton, Alta.; Departments of Medicine, Community Health and Cardiac Sciences (Rabi), University of Calgary, Calgary, Alta.; Centre for Addiction and Mental Health, Departments of Family and Community Medicine, Psychiatry and Public Health Sciences (Selby), University of Toronto, Toronto, Ont.; School of Nursing and Health Research Methods, Evidence and Impact, Faculty of Health Sciences (Sherifali), McMaster University, Hamilton, Ont.; Libin Cardiovascular Institute (Stone), University of Calgary, Calgary, Alta.; Division of Nephrology (Tobe), Sunnybrook Health Sciences Centre, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ont.; ICES, Sunnybrook Research Institute (Tu), University of Toronto, Toronto, Ont.; St. Joseph’s Health Care Centre (Walker), Toronto, Ont.; McMaster University (Wharton), Hamilton Ont.; York University (Wharton), Toronto, Ont.
Patty Lindsay
Libin Cardiovascular Institute, Cumming School of Medicine (Anderson), University of Calgary, Calgary, Alta.; Department of Health, Kinesiology, and Applied Physiology (Bacon), Concordia University, Montreal, Que. & Montreal Behavioural Medicine Centre, CIUSSS-NIM, Montreal, Que.; St. Michael’s Hospital (Cheng), University of Toronto, Toronto, Ont.; McGill University (Daskalopoulou), Montreal, Que.; Department of Medicine (Ezekowitz), University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alta.; Institut de cardiologie de Montreal (Gregoire), Montreal, Que.; Universite de Montreal (Gubitz), Montreal, Que.; Sunnybrook Research Institute (Hua-Stewart), Toronto, Ont.; Department of Family and Community Medicine (Jain), Sunnybrook Health Sciences Centre, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ont.; Institute of Health Policy, Management and Evaluation (Keshavjee), University of Toronto, Toronto, Ont.; Department of Nutritional Sciences (L’Abbe), University of Toronto, Toronto, Ont.; Department of Medicine and Libin Cardiovascular Institute (Lau), Cumming School of Medicine, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alta.; Li Ka Shing Knowledge Institute (Leiter), St. Michael’s Hospital, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ont.; Heart and Stroke Foundation (Lindsay), Ottawa, Ont.; Ottawa Heart Institute (Liu), University of Ottawa, Ottawa, Ont.; Insitut de Cardiologie de Montreal (O’Meara), Universite de Montreal, Montreal, Que.; Division of Cardiology, Mazankowski Alberta Heart Institute; University of Alberta, Faculty of Medicine and Dentistry (Pearson), Edmonton, Alta.; Departments of Medicine, Community Health and Cardiac Sciences (Rabi), University of Calgary, Calgary, Alta.; Centre for Addiction and Mental Health, Departments of Family and Community Medicine, Psychiatry and Public Health Sciences (Selby), University of Toronto, Toronto, Ont.; School of Nursing and Health Research Methods, Evidence and Impact, Faculty of Health Sciences (Sherifali), McMaster University, Hamilton, Ont.; Libin Cardiovascular Institute (Stone), University of Calgary, Calgary, Alta.; Division of Nephrology (Tobe), Sunnybrook Health Sciences Centre, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ont.; ICES, Sunnybrook Research Institute (Tu), University of Toronto, Toronto, Ont.; St. Joseph’s Health Care Centre (Walker), Toronto, Ont.; McMaster University (Wharton), Hamilton Ont.; York University (Wharton), Toronto, Ont.
Mary L’Abbe
Libin Cardiovascular Institute, Cumming School of Medicine (Anderson), University of Calgary, Calgary, Alta.; Department of Health, Kinesiology, and Applied Physiology (Bacon), Concordia University, Montreal, Que. & Montreal Behavioural Medicine Centre, CIUSSS-NIM, Montreal, Que.; St. Michael’s Hospital (Cheng), University of Toronto, Toronto, Ont.; McGill University (Daskalopoulou), Montreal, Que.; Department of Medicine (Ezekowitz), University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alta.; Institut de cardiologie de Montreal (Gregoire), Montreal, Que.; Universite de Montreal (Gubitz), Montreal, Que.; Sunnybrook Research Institute (Hua-Stewart), Toronto, Ont.; Department of Family and Community Medicine (Jain), Sunnybrook Health Sciences Centre, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ont.; Institute of Health Policy, Management and Evaluation (Keshavjee), University of Toronto, Toronto, Ont.; Department of Nutritional Sciences (L’Abbe), University of Toronto, Toronto, Ont.; Department of Medicine and Libin Cardiovascular Institute (Lau), Cumming School of Medicine, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alta.; Li Ka Shing Knowledge Institute (Leiter), St. Michael’s Hospital, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ont.; Heart and Stroke Foundation (Lindsay), Ottawa, Ont.; Ottawa Heart Institute (Liu), University of Ottawa, Ottawa, Ont.; Insitut de Cardiologie de Montreal (O’Meara), Universite de Montreal, Montreal, Que.; Division of Cardiology, Mazankowski Alberta Heart Institute; University of Alberta, Faculty of Medicine and Dentistry (Pearson), Edmonton, Alta.; Departments of Medicine, Community Health and Cardiac Sciences (Rabi), University of Calgary, Calgary, Alta.; Centre for Addiction and Mental Health, Departments of Family and Community Medicine, Psychiatry and Public Health Sciences (Selby), University of Toronto, Toronto, Ont.; School of Nursing and Health Research Methods, Evidence and Impact, Faculty of Health Sciences (Sherifali), McMaster University, Hamilton, Ont.; Libin Cardiovascular Institute (Stone), University of Calgary, Calgary, Alta.; Division of Nephrology (Tobe), Sunnybrook Health Sciences Centre, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ont.; ICES, Sunnybrook Research Institute (Tu), University of Toronto, Toronto, Ont.; St. Joseph’s Health Care Centre (Walker), Toronto, Ont.; McMaster University (Wharton), Hamilton Ont.; York University (Wharton), Toronto, Ont.
David C.W. Lau
Libin Cardiovascular Institute, Cumming School of Medicine (Anderson), University of Calgary, Calgary, Alta.; Department of Health, Kinesiology, and Applied Physiology (Bacon), Concordia University, Montreal, Que. & Montreal Behavioural Medicine Centre, CIUSSS-NIM, Montreal, Que.; St. Michael’s Hospital (Cheng), University of Toronto, Toronto, Ont.; McGill University (Daskalopoulou), Montreal, Que.; Department of Medicine (Ezekowitz), University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alta.; Institut de cardiologie de Montreal (Gregoire), Montreal, Que.; Universite de Montreal (Gubitz), Montreal, Que.; Sunnybrook Research Institute (Hua-Stewart), Toronto, Ont.; Department of Family and Community Medicine (Jain), Sunnybrook Health Sciences Centre, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ont.; Institute of Health Policy, Management and Evaluation (Keshavjee), University of Toronto, Toronto, Ont.; Department of Nutritional Sciences (L’Abbe), University of Toronto, Toronto, Ont.; Department of Medicine and Libin Cardiovascular Institute (Lau), Cumming School of Medicine, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alta.; Li Ka Shing Knowledge Institute (Leiter), St. Michael’s Hospital, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ont.; Heart and Stroke Foundation (Lindsay), Ottawa, Ont.; Ottawa Heart Institute (Liu), University of Ottawa, Ottawa, Ont.; Insitut de Cardiologie de Montreal (O’Meara), Universite de Montreal, Montreal, Que.; Division of Cardiology, Mazankowski Alberta Heart Institute; University of Alberta, Faculty of Medicine and Dentistry (Pearson), Edmonton, Alta.; Departments of Medicine, Community Health and Cardiac Sciences (Rabi), University of Calgary, Calgary, Alta.; Centre for Addiction and Mental Health, Departments of Family and Community Medicine, Psychiatry and Public Health Sciences (Selby), University of Toronto, Toronto, Ont.; School of Nursing and Health Research Methods, Evidence and Impact, Faculty of Health Sciences (Sherifali), McMaster University, Hamilton, Ont.; Libin Cardiovascular Institute (Stone), University of Calgary, Calgary, Alta.; Division of Nephrology (Tobe), Sunnybrook Health Sciences Centre, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ont.; ICES, Sunnybrook Research Institute (Tu), University of Toronto, Toronto, Ont.; St. Joseph’s Health Care Centre (Walker), Toronto, Ont.; McMaster University (Wharton), Hamilton Ont.; York University (Wharton), Toronto, Ont.
Lawrence A. Leiter
Libin Cardiovascular Institute, Cumming School of Medicine (Anderson), University of Calgary, Calgary, Alta.; Department of Health, Kinesiology, and Applied Physiology (Bacon), Concordia University, Montreal, Que. & Montreal Behavioural Medicine Centre, CIUSSS-NIM, Montreal, Que.; St. Michael’s Hospital (Cheng), University of Toronto, Toronto, Ont.; McGill University (Daskalopoulou), Montreal, Que.; Department of Medicine (Ezekowitz), University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alta.; Institut de cardiologie de Montreal (Gregoire), Montreal, Que.; Universite de Montreal (Gubitz), Montreal, Que.; Sunnybrook Research Institute (Hua-Stewart), Toronto, Ont.; Department of Family and Community Medicine (Jain), Sunnybrook Health Sciences Centre, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ont.; Institute of Health Policy, Management and Evaluation (Keshavjee), University of Toronto, Toronto, Ont.; Department of Nutritional Sciences (L’Abbe), University of Toronto, Toronto, Ont.; Department of Medicine and Libin Cardiovascular Institute (Lau), Cumming School of Medicine, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alta.; Li Ka Shing Knowledge Institute (Leiter), St. Michael’s Hospital, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ont.; Heart and Stroke Foundation (Lindsay), Ottawa, Ont.; Ottawa Heart Institute (Liu), University of Ottawa, Ottawa, Ont.; Insitut de Cardiologie de Montreal (O’Meara), Universite de Montreal, Montreal, Que.; Division of Cardiology, Mazankowski Alberta Heart Institute; University of Alberta, Faculty of Medicine and Dentistry (Pearson), Edmonton, Alta.; Departments of Medicine, Community Health and Cardiac Sciences (Rabi), University of Calgary, Calgary, Alta.; Centre for Addiction and Mental Health, Departments of Family and Community Medicine, Psychiatry and Public Health Sciences (Selby), University of Toronto, Toronto, Ont.; School of Nursing and Health Research Methods, Evidence and Impact, Faculty of Health Sciences (Sherifali), McMaster University, Hamilton, Ont.; Libin Cardiovascular Institute (Stone), University of Calgary, Calgary, Alta.; Division of Nephrology (Tobe), Sunnybrook Health Sciences Centre, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ont.; ICES, Sunnybrook Research Institute (Tu), University of Toronto, Toronto, Ont.; St. Joseph’s Health Care Centre (Walker), Toronto, Ont.; McMaster University (Wharton), Hamilton Ont.; York University (Wharton), Toronto, Ont.
Eileen O’Meara
Libin Cardiovascular Institute, Cumming School of Medicine (Anderson), University of Calgary, Calgary, Alta.; Department of Health, Kinesiology, and Applied Physiology (Bacon), Concordia University, Montreal, Que. & Montreal Behavioural Medicine Centre, CIUSSS-NIM, Montreal, Que.; St. Michael’s Hospital (Cheng), University of Toronto, Toronto, Ont.; McGill University (Daskalopoulou), Montreal, Que.; Department of Medicine (Ezekowitz), University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alta.; Institut de cardiologie de Montreal (Gregoire), Montreal, Que.; Universite de Montreal (Gubitz), Montreal, Que.; Sunnybrook Research Institute (Hua-Stewart), Toronto, Ont.; Department of Family and Community Medicine (Jain), Sunnybrook Health Sciences Centre, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ont.; Institute of Health Policy, Management and Evaluation (Keshavjee), University of Toronto, Toronto, Ont.; Department of Nutritional Sciences (L’Abbe), University of Toronto, Toronto, Ont.; Department of Medicine and Libin Cardiovascular Institute (Lau), Cumming School of Medicine, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alta.; Li Ka Shing Knowledge Institute (Leiter), St. Michael’s Hospital, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ont.; Heart and Stroke Foundation (Lindsay), Ottawa, Ont.; Ottawa Heart Institute (Liu), University of Ottawa, Ottawa, Ont.; Insitut de Cardiologie de Montreal (O’Meara), Universite de Montreal, Montreal, Que.; Division of Cardiology, Mazankowski Alberta Heart Institute; University of Alberta, Faculty of Medicine and Dentistry (Pearson), Edmonton, Alta.; Departments of Medicine, Community Health and Cardiac Sciences (Rabi), University of Calgary, Calgary, Alta.; Centre for Addiction and Mental Health, Departments of Family and Community Medicine, Psychiatry and Public Health Sciences (Selby), University of Toronto, Toronto, Ont.; School of Nursing and Health Research Methods, Evidence and Impact, Faculty of Health Sciences (Sherifali), McMaster University, Hamilton, Ont.; Libin Cardiovascular Institute (Stone), University of Calgary, Calgary, Alta.; Division of Nephrology (Tobe), Sunnybrook Health Sciences Centre, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ont.; ICES, Sunnybrook Research Institute (Tu), University of Toronto, Toronto, Ont.; St. Joseph’s Health Care Centre (Walker), Toronto, Ont.; McMaster University (Wharton), Hamilton Ont.; York University (Wharton), Toronto, Ont.
Glen J. Pearson
Libin Cardiovascular Institute, Cumming School of Medicine (Anderson), University of Calgary, Calgary, Alta.; Department of Health, Kinesiology, and Applied Physiology (Bacon), Concordia University, Montreal, Que. & Montreal Behavioural Medicine Centre, CIUSSS-NIM, Montreal, Que.; St. Michael’s Hospital (Cheng), University of Toronto, Toronto, Ont.; McGill University (Daskalopoulou), Montreal, Que.; Department of Medicine (Ezekowitz), University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alta.; Institut de cardiologie de Montreal (Gregoire), Montreal, Que.; Universite de Montreal (Gubitz), Montreal, Que.; Sunnybrook Research Institute (Hua-Stewart), Toronto, Ont.; Department of Family and Community Medicine (Jain), Sunnybrook Health Sciences Centre, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ont.; Institute of Health Policy, Management and Evaluation (Keshavjee), University of Toronto, Toronto, Ont.; Department of Nutritional Sciences (L’Abbe), University of Toronto, Toronto, Ont.; Department of Medicine and Libin Cardiovascular Institute (Lau), Cumming School of Medicine, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alta.; Li Ka Shing Knowledge Institute (Leiter), St. Michael’s Hospital, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ont.; Heart and Stroke Foundation (Lindsay), Ottawa, Ont.; Ottawa Heart Institute (Liu), University of Ottawa, Ottawa, Ont.; Insitut de Cardiologie de Montreal (O’Meara), Universite de Montreal, Montreal, Que.; Division of Cardiology, Mazankowski Alberta Heart Institute; University of Alberta, Faculty of Medicine and Dentistry (Pearson), Edmonton, Alta.; Departments of Medicine, Community Health and Cardiac Sciences (Rabi), University of Calgary, Calgary, Alta.; Centre for Addiction and Mental Health, Departments of Family and Community Medicine, Psychiatry and Public Health Sciences (Selby), University of Toronto, Toronto, Ont.; School of Nursing and Health Research Methods, Evidence and Impact, Faculty of Health Sciences (Sherifali), McMaster University, Hamilton, Ont.; Libin Cardiovascular Institute (Stone), University of Calgary, Calgary, Alta.; Division of Nephrology (Tobe), Sunnybrook Health Sciences Centre, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ont.; ICES, Sunnybrook Research Institute (Tu), University of Toronto, Toronto, Ont.; St. Joseph’s Health Care Centre (Walker), Toronto, Ont.; McMaster University (Wharton), Hamilton Ont.; York University (Wharton), Toronto, Ont.
Doreen M. Rabi
Libin Cardiovascular Institute, Cumming School of Medicine (Anderson), University of Calgary, Calgary, Alta.; Department of Health, Kinesiology, and Applied Physiology (Bacon), Concordia University, Montreal, Que. & Montreal Behavioural Medicine Centre, CIUSSS-NIM, Montreal, Que.; St. Michael’s Hospital (Cheng), University of Toronto, Toronto, Ont.; McGill University (Daskalopoulou), Montreal, Que.; Department of Medicine (Ezekowitz), University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alta.; Institut de cardiologie de Montreal (Gregoire), Montreal, Que.; Universite de Montreal (Gubitz), Montreal, Que.; Sunnybrook Research Institute (Hua-Stewart), Toronto, Ont.; Department of Family and Community Medicine (Jain), Sunnybrook Health Sciences Centre, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ont.; Institute of Health Policy, Management and Evaluation (Keshavjee), University of Toronto, Toronto, Ont.; Department of Nutritional Sciences (L’Abbe), University of Toronto, Toronto, Ont.; Department of Medicine and Libin Cardiovascular Institute (Lau), Cumming School of Medicine, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alta.; Li Ka Shing Knowledge Institute (Leiter), St. Michael’s Hospital, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ont.; Heart and Stroke Foundation (Lindsay), Ottawa, Ont.; Ottawa Heart Institute (Liu), University of Ottawa, Ottawa, Ont.; Insitut de Cardiologie de Montreal (O’Meara), Universite de Montreal, Montreal, Que.; Division of Cardiology, Mazankowski Alberta Heart Institute; University of Alberta, Faculty of Medicine and Dentistry (Pearson), Edmonton, Alta.; Departments of Medicine, Community Health and Cardiac Sciences (Rabi), University of Calgary, Calgary, Alta.; Centre for Addiction and Mental Health, Departments of Family and Community Medicine, Psychiatry and Public Health Sciences (Selby), University of Toronto, Toronto, Ont.; School of Nursing and Health Research Methods, Evidence and Impact, Faculty of Health Sciences (Sherifali), McMaster University, Hamilton, Ont.; Libin Cardiovascular Institute (Stone), University of Calgary, Calgary, Alta.; Division of Nephrology (Tobe), Sunnybrook Health Sciences Centre, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ont.; ICES, Sunnybrook Research Institute (Tu), University of Toronto, Toronto, Ont.; St. Joseph’s Health Care Centre (Walker), Toronto, Ont.; McMaster University (Wharton), Hamilton Ont.; York University (Wharton), Toronto, Ont.
Diana Sherifali
Libin Cardiovascular Institute, Cumming School of Medicine (Anderson), University of Calgary, Calgary, Alta.; Department of Health, Kinesiology, and Applied Physiology (Bacon), Concordia University, Montreal, Que. & Montreal Behavioural Medicine Centre, CIUSSS-NIM, Montreal, Que.; St. Michael’s Hospital (Cheng), University of Toronto, Toronto, Ont.; McGill University (Daskalopoulou), Montreal, Que.; Department of Medicine (Ezekowitz), University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alta.; Institut de cardiologie de Montreal (Gregoire), Montreal, Que.; Universite de Montreal (Gubitz), Montreal, Que.; Sunnybrook Research Institute (Hua-Stewart), Toronto, Ont.; Department of Family and Community Medicine (Jain), Sunnybrook Health Sciences Centre, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ont.; Institute of Health Policy, Management and Evaluation (Keshavjee), University of Toronto, Toronto, Ont.; Department of Nutritional Sciences (L’Abbe), University of Toronto, Toronto, Ont.; Department of Medicine and Libin Cardiovascular Institute (Lau), Cumming School of Medicine, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alta.; Li Ka Shing Knowledge Institute (Leiter), St. Michael’s Hospital, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ont.; Heart and Stroke Foundation (Lindsay), Ottawa, Ont.; Ottawa Heart Institute (Liu), University of Ottawa, Ottawa, Ont.; Insitut de Cardiologie de Montreal (O’Meara), Universite de Montreal, Montreal, Que.; Division of Cardiology, Mazankowski Alberta Heart Institute; University of Alberta, Faculty of Medicine and Dentistry (Pearson), Edmonton, Alta.; Departments of Medicine, Community Health and Cardiac Sciences (Rabi), University of Calgary, Calgary, Alta.; Centre for Addiction and Mental Health, Departments of Family and Community Medicine, Psychiatry and Public Health Sciences (Selby), University of Toronto, Toronto, Ont.; School of Nursing and Health Research Methods, Evidence and Impact, Faculty of Health Sciences (Sherifali), McMaster University, Hamilton, Ont.; Libin Cardiovascular Institute (Stone), University of Calgary, Calgary, Alta.; Division of Nephrology (Tobe), Sunnybrook Health Sciences Centre, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ont.; ICES, Sunnybrook Research Institute (Tu), University of Toronto, Toronto, Ont.; St. Joseph’s Health Care Centre (Walker), Toronto, Ont.; McMaster University (Wharton), Hamilton Ont.; York University (Wharton), Toronto, Ont.
Peter Selby
Libin Cardiovascular Institute, Cumming School of Medicine (Anderson), University of Calgary, Calgary, Alta.; Department of Health, Kinesiology, and Applied Physiology (Bacon), Concordia University, Montreal, Que. & Montreal Behavioural Medicine Centre, CIUSSS-NIM, Montreal, Que.; St. Michael’s Hospital (Cheng), University of Toronto, Toronto, Ont.; McGill University (Daskalopoulou), Montreal, Que.; Department of Medicine (Ezekowitz), University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alta.; Institut de cardiologie de Montreal (Gregoire), Montreal, Que.; Universite de Montreal (Gubitz), Montreal, Que.; Sunnybrook Research Institute (Hua-Stewart), Toronto, Ont.; Department of Family and Community Medicine (Jain), Sunnybrook Health Sciences Centre, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ont.; Institute of Health Policy, Management and Evaluation (Keshavjee), University of Toronto, Toronto, Ont.; Department of Nutritional Sciences (L’Abbe), University of Toronto, Toronto, Ont.; Department of Medicine and Libin Cardiovascular Institute (Lau), Cumming School of Medicine, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alta.; Li Ka Shing Knowledge Institute (Leiter), St. Michael’s Hospital, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ont.; Heart and Stroke Foundation (Lindsay), Ottawa, Ont.; Ottawa Heart Institute (Liu), University of Ottawa, Ottawa, Ont.; Insitut de Cardiologie de Montreal (O’Meara), Universite de Montreal, Montreal, Que.; Division of Cardiology, Mazankowski Alberta Heart Institute; University of Alberta, Faculty of Medicine and Dentistry (Pearson), Edmonton, Alta.; Departments of Medicine, Community Health and Cardiac Sciences (Rabi), University of Calgary, Calgary, Alta.; Centre for Addiction and Mental Health, Departments of Family and Community Medicine, Psychiatry and Public Health Sciences (Selby), University of Toronto, Toronto, Ont.; School of Nursing and Health Research Methods, Evidence and Impact, Faculty of Health Sciences (Sherifali), McMaster University, Hamilton, Ont.; Libin Cardiovascular Institute (Stone), University of Calgary, Calgary, Alta.; Division of Nephrology (Tobe), Sunnybrook Health Sciences Centre, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ont.; ICES, Sunnybrook Research Institute (Tu), University of Toronto, Toronto, Ont.; St. Joseph’s Health Care Centre (Walker), Toronto, Ont.; McMaster University (Wharton), Hamilton Ont.; York University (Wharton), Toronto, Ont.
Jack V. Tu
Libin Cardiovascular Institute, Cumming School of Medicine (Anderson), University of Calgary, Calgary, Alta.; Department of Health, Kinesiology, and Applied Physiology (Bacon), Concordia University, Montreal, Que. & Montreal Behavioural Medicine Centre, CIUSSS-NIM, Montreal, Que.; St. Michael’s Hospital (Cheng), University of Toronto, Toronto, Ont.; McGill University (Daskalopoulou), Montreal, Que.; Department of Medicine (Ezekowitz), University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alta.; Institut de cardiologie de Montreal (Gregoire), Montreal, Que.; Universite de Montreal (Gubitz), Montreal, Que.; Sunnybrook Research Institute (Hua-Stewart), Toronto, Ont.; Department of Family and Community Medicine (Jain), Sunnybrook Health Sciences Centre, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ont.; Institute of Health Policy, Management and Evaluation (Keshavjee), University of Toronto, Toronto, Ont.; Department of Nutritional Sciences (L’Abbe), University of Toronto, Toronto, Ont.; Department of Medicine and Libin Cardiovascular Institute (Lau), Cumming School of Medicine, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alta.; Li Ka Shing Knowledge Institute (Leiter), St. Michael’s Hospital, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ont.; Heart and Stroke Foundation (Lindsay), Ottawa, Ont.; Ottawa Heart Institute (Liu), University of Ottawa, Ottawa, Ont.; Insitut de Cardiologie de Montreal (O’Meara), Universite de Montreal, Montreal, Que.; Division of Cardiology, Mazankowski Alberta Heart Institute; University of Alberta, Faculty of Medicine and Dentistry (Pearson), Edmonton, Alta.; Departments of Medicine, Community Health and Cardiac Sciences (Rabi), University of Calgary, Calgary, Alta.; Centre for Addiction and Mental Health, Departments of Family and Community Medicine, Psychiatry and Public Health Sciences (Selby), University of Toronto, Toronto, Ont.; School of Nursing and Health Research Methods, Evidence and Impact, Faculty of Health Sciences (Sherifali), McMaster University, Hamilton, Ont.; Libin Cardiovascular Institute (Stone), University of Calgary, Calgary, Alta.; Division of Nephrology (Tobe), Sunnybrook Health Sciences Centre, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ont.; ICES, Sunnybrook Research Institute (Tu), University of Toronto, Toronto, Ont.; St. Joseph’s Health Care Centre (Walker), Toronto, Ont.; McMaster University (Wharton), Hamilton Ont.; York University (Wharton), Toronto, Ont.
Sean Wharton
Libin Cardiovascular Institute, Cumming School of Medicine (Anderson), University of Calgary, Calgary, Alta.; Department of Health, Kinesiology, and Applied Physiology (Bacon), Concordia University, Montreal, Que. & Montreal Behavioural Medicine Centre, CIUSSS-NIM, Montreal, Que.; St. Michael’s Hospital (Cheng), University of Toronto, Toronto, Ont.; McGill University (Daskalopoulou), Montreal, Que.; Department of Medicine (Ezekowitz), University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alta.; Institut de cardiologie de Montreal (Gregoire), Montreal, Que.; Universite de Montreal (Gubitz), Montreal, Que.; Sunnybrook Research Institute (Hua-Stewart), Toronto, Ont.; Department of Family and Community Medicine (Jain), Sunnybrook Health Sciences Centre, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ont.; Institute of Health Policy, Management and Evaluation (Keshavjee), University of Toronto, Toronto, Ont.; Department of Nutritional Sciences (L’Abbe), University of Toronto, Toronto, Ont.; Department of Medicine and Libin Cardiovascular Institute (Lau), Cumming School of Medicine, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alta.; Li Ka Shing Knowledge Institute (Leiter), St. Michael’s Hospital, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ont.; Heart and Stroke Foundation (Lindsay), Ottawa, Ont.; Ottawa Heart Institute (Liu), University of Ottawa, Ottawa, Ont.; Insitut de Cardiologie de Montreal (O’Meara), Universite de Montreal, Montreal, Que.; Division of Cardiology, Mazankowski Alberta Heart Institute; University of Alberta, Faculty of Medicine and Dentistry (Pearson), Edmonton, Alta.; Departments of Medicine, Community Health and Cardiac Sciences (Rabi), University of Calgary, Calgary, Alta.; Centre for Addiction and Mental Health, Departments of Family and Community Medicine, Psychiatry and Public Health Sciences (Selby), University of Toronto, Toronto, Ont.; School of Nursing and Health Research Methods, Evidence and Impact, Faculty of Health Sciences (Sherifali), McMaster University, Hamilton, Ont.; Libin Cardiovascular Institute (Stone), University of Calgary, Calgary, Alta.; Division of Nephrology (Tobe), Sunnybrook Health Sciences Centre, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ont.; ICES, Sunnybrook Research Institute (Tu), University of Toronto, Toronto, Ont.; St. Joseph’s Health Care Centre (Walker), Toronto, Ont.; McMaster University (Wharton), Hamilton Ont.; York University (Wharton), Toronto, Ont.
Kimberly M. Walker
Libin Cardiovascular Institute, Cumming School of Medicine (Anderson), University of Calgary, Calgary, Alta.; Department of Health, Kinesiology, and Applied Physiology (Bacon), Concordia University, Montreal, Que. & Montreal Behavioural Medicine Centre, CIUSSS-NIM, Montreal, Que.; St. Michael’s Hospital (Cheng), University of Toronto, Toronto, Ont.; McGill University (Daskalopoulou), Montreal, Que.; Department of Medicine (Ezekowitz), University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alta.; Institut de cardiologie de Montreal (Gregoire), Montreal, Que.; Universite de Montreal (Gubitz), Montreal, Que.; Sunnybrook Research Institute (Hua-Stewart), Toronto, Ont.; Department of Family and Community Medicine (Jain), Sunnybrook Health Sciences Centre, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ont.; Institute of Health Policy, Management and Evaluation (Keshavjee), University of Toronto, Toronto, Ont.; Department of Nutritional Sciences (L’Abbe), University of Toronto, Toronto, Ont.; Department of Medicine and Libin Cardiovascular Institute (Lau), Cumming School of Medicine, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alta.; Li Ka Shing Knowledge Institute (Leiter), St. Michael’s Hospital, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ont.; Heart and Stroke Foundation (Lindsay), Ottawa, Ont.; Ottawa Heart Institute (Liu), University of Ottawa, Ottawa, Ont.; Insitut de Cardiologie de Montreal (O’Meara), Universite de Montreal, Montreal, Que.; Division of Cardiology, Mazankowski Alberta Heart Institute; University of Alberta, Faculty of Medicine and Dentistry (Pearson), Edmonton, Alta.; Departments of Medicine, Community Health and Cardiac Sciences (Rabi), University of Calgary, Calgary, Alta.; Centre for Addiction and Mental Health, Departments of Family and Community Medicine, Psychiatry and Public Health Sciences (Selby), University of Toronto, Toronto, Ont.; School of Nursing and Health Research Methods, Evidence and Impact, Faculty of Health Sciences (Sherifali), McMaster University, Hamilton, Ont.; Libin Cardiovascular Institute (Stone), University of Calgary, Calgary, Alta.; Division of Nephrology (Tobe), Sunnybrook Health Sciences Centre, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ont.; ICES, Sunnybrook Research Institute (Tu), University of Toronto, Toronto, Ont.; St. Joseph’s Health Care Centre (Walker), Toronto, Ont.; McMaster University (Wharton), Hamilton Ont.; York University (Wharton), Toronto, Ont.
Diane Hua-Stewart
Libin Cardiovascular Institute, Cumming School of Medicine (Anderson), University of Calgary, Calgary, Alta.; Department of Health, Kinesiology, and Applied Physiology (Bacon), Concordia University, Montreal, Que. & Montreal Behavioural Medicine Centre, CIUSSS-NIM, Montreal, Que.; St. Michael’s Hospital (Cheng), University of Toronto, Toronto, Ont.; McGill University (Daskalopoulou), Montreal, Que.; Department of Medicine (Ezekowitz), University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alta.; Institut de cardiologie de Montreal (Gregoire), Montreal, Que.; Universite de Montreal (Gubitz), Montreal, Que.; Sunnybrook Research Institute (Hua-Stewart), Toronto, Ont.; Department of Family and Community Medicine (Jain), Sunnybrook Health Sciences Centre, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ont.; Institute of Health Policy, Management and Evaluation (Keshavjee), University of Toronto, Toronto, Ont.; Department of Nutritional Sciences (L’Abbe), University of Toronto, Toronto, Ont.; Department of Medicine and Libin Cardiovascular Institute (Lau), Cumming School of Medicine, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alta.; Li Ka Shing Knowledge Institute (Leiter), St. Michael’s Hospital, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ont.; Heart and Stroke Foundation (Lindsay), Ottawa, Ont.; Ottawa Heart Institute (Liu), University of Ottawa, Ottawa, Ont.; Insitut de Cardiologie de Montreal (O’Meara), Universite de Montreal, Montreal, Que.; Division of Cardiology, Mazankowski Alberta Heart Institute; University of Alberta, Faculty of Medicine and Dentistry (Pearson), Edmonton, Alta.; Departments of Medicine, Community Health and Cardiac Sciences (Rabi), University of Calgary, Calgary, Alta.; Centre for Addiction and Mental Health, Departments of Family and Community Medicine, Psychiatry and Public Health Sciences (Selby), University of Toronto, Toronto, Ont.; School of Nursing and Health Research Methods, Evidence and Impact, Faculty of Health Sciences (Sherifali), McMaster University, Hamilton, Ont.; Libin Cardiovascular Institute (Stone), University of Calgary, Calgary, Alta.; Division of Nephrology (Tobe), Sunnybrook Health Sciences Centre, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ont.; ICES, Sunnybrook Research Institute (Tu), University of Toronto, Toronto, Ont.; St. Joseph’s Health Care Centre (Walker), Toronto, Ont.; McMaster University (Wharton), Hamilton Ont.; York University (Wharton), Toronto, Ont.
Peter P. Liu
Libin Cardiovascular Institute, Cumming School of Medicine (Anderson), University of Calgary, Calgary, Alta.; Department of Health, Kinesiology, and Applied Physiology (Bacon), Concordia University, Montreal, Que. & Montreal Behavioural Medicine Centre, CIUSSS-NIM, Montreal, Que.; St. Michael’s Hospital (Cheng), University of Toronto, Toronto, Ont.; McGill University (Daskalopoulou), Montreal, Que.; Department of Medicine (Ezekowitz), University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alta.; Institut de cardiologie de Montreal (Gregoire), Montreal, Que.; Universite de Montreal (Gubitz), Montreal, Que.; Sunnybrook Research Institute (Hua-Stewart), Toronto, Ont.; Department of Family and Community Medicine (Jain), Sunnybrook Health Sciences Centre, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ont.; Institute of Health Policy, Management and Evaluation (Keshavjee), University of Toronto, Toronto, Ont.; Department of Nutritional Sciences (L’Abbe), University of Toronto, Toronto, Ont.; Department of Medicine and Libin Cardiovascular Institute (Lau), Cumming School of Medicine, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alta.; Li Ka Shing Knowledge Institute (Leiter), St. Michael’s Hospital, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ont.; Heart and Stroke Foundation (Lindsay), Ottawa, Ont.; Ottawa Heart Institute (Liu), University of Ottawa, Ottawa, Ont.; Insitut de Cardiologie de Montreal (O’Meara), Universite de Montreal, Montreal, Que.; Division of Cardiology, Mazankowski Alberta Heart Institute; University of Alberta, Faculty of Medicine and Dentistry (Pearson), Edmonton, Alta.; Departments of Medicine, Community Health and Cardiac Sciences (Rabi), University of Calgary, Calgary, Alta.; Centre for Addiction and Mental Health, Departments of Family and Community Medicine, Psychiatry and Public Health Sciences (Selby), University of Toronto, Toronto, Ont.; School of Nursing and Health Research Methods, Evidence and Impact, Faculty of Health Sciences (Sherifali), McMaster University, Hamilton, Ont.; Libin Cardiovascular Institute (Stone), University of Calgary, Calgary, Alta.; Division of Nephrology (Tobe), Sunnybrook Health Sciences Centre, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ont.; ICES, Sunnybrook Research Institute (Tu), University of Toronto, Toronto, Ont.; St. Joseph’s Health Care Centre (Walker), Toronto, Ont.; McMaster University (Wharton), Hamilton Ont.; York University (Wharton), Toronto, Ont.
Article Figures & Tables
Tables
- Table 2:
Body habitus: New or updated recommendations in the 2018 C-CHANGE harmonized guideline*
- Table 3:
Diet, and sodium and alcohol intake: New or updated recommendations in the 2018 C-CHANGE harmonized guideline*
- Table 4:
Risk factor screening: New or updated recommendations in the 2018 C-CHANGE harmonized guideline*
- Table 5:
Diagnostic strategies: New or updated recommendations in the 2018 C-CHANGE harmonized guideline*
- Table 6:
Risk stratification: New or updated recommendations in the 2018 C-CHANGE harmonized guideline*
- Table 7:
Treatment targets: New or updated recommendations in the 2018 C-CHANGE harmonized guideline*
- Table 8:
Pharmacologic and procedural therapy for CVD risk reduction: New or updated recommendations in the 2018 C-CHANGE harmonized guideline*
- Table 9:
National and international guidelines for the management of cardiovascular disease
In this issue
Article tools
Canadian Cardiovascular Harmonized National Guidelines Endeavour (C-CHANGE) guideline for the prevention and management of cardiovascular disease in primary care: 2018 update
Sheldon W. Tobe, James A. Stone, Todd Anderson, Simon Bacon, Alice Y.Y. Cheng, Stella S. Daskalopoulou, Justin A. Ezekowitz, Jean C. Gregoire, Gord Gubitz, Rahul Jain, Karim Keshavjee, Patty Lindsay, Mary L’Abbe, David C.W. Lau, Lawrence A. Leiter, Eileen O’Meara, Glen J. Pearson, Doreen M. Rabi, Diana Sherifali, Peter Selby, Jack V. Tu, Sean Wharton, Kimberly M. Walker, Diane Hua-Stewart, Peter P. Liu
CMAJ Oct 2018, 190 (40) E1192-E1206; DOI: 10.1503/cmaj.180194
Canadian Cardiovascular Harmonized National Guidelines Endeavour (C-CHANGE) guideline for the prevention and management of cardiovascular disease in primary care: 2018 update
Sheldon W. Tobe, James A. Stone, Todd Anderson, Simon Bacon, Alice Y.Y. Cheng, Stella S. Daskalopoulou, Justin A. Ezekowitz, Jean C. Gregoire, Gord Gubitz, Rahul Jain, Karim Keshavjee, Patty Lindsay, Mary L’Abbe, David C.W. Lau, Lawrence A. Leiter, Eileen O’Meara, Glen J. Pearson, Doreen M. Rabi, Diana Sherifali, Peter Selby, Jack V. Tu, Sean Wharton, Kimberly M. Walker, Diane Hua-Stewart, Peter P. Liu
CMAJ Oct 2018, 190 (40) E1192-E1206; DOI: 10.1503/cmaj.180194
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