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Editorial

Vulnerable populations: an area CMAJ will continue to champion

Kirsten Patrick, Ken Flegel and Matthew B. Stanbrook
CMAJ March 19, 2018 190 (11) E307; DOI: https://doi.org/10.1503/cmaj.180288
Kirsten Patrick
Department of Medicine (Flegel), McGill University, Montréal, Que.; Senior editor (Flegel); Deputy editors (Patrick, Stanbrook), ; Department of Medicine (Stanbrook), University of Toronto; Institute for Clinical Evaluative Sciences (Stanbrook), Toronto, Ont.
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Ken Flegel
Department of Medicine (Flegel), McGill University, Montréal, Que.; Senior editor (Flegel); Deputy editors (Patrick, Stanbrook), ; Department of Medicine (Stanbrook), University of Toronto; Institute for Clinical Evaluative Sciences (Stanbrook), Toronto, Ont.
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Matthew B. Stanbrook
Department of Medicine (Flegel), McGill University, Montréal, Que.; Senior editor (Flegel); Deputy editors (Patrick, Stanbrook), ; Department of Medicine (Stanbrook), University of Toronto; Institute for Clinical Evaluative Sciences (Stanbrook), Toronto, Ont.
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  • RE: A forgotten vulnerable group: Canadian children visiting relatives in the developing world.
    Timothy M Jordan
    Posted on: 23 June 2018
  • A forgotten vulnerable group: Canadian children visiting relatives in the developing world
    Rudy Zimmer
    Posted on: 17 June 2018
  • Poverty as a medical condition
    Jonathan Fuller and Mayura Loganathan
    Posted on: 05 April 2018
  • Posted on: (23 June 2018)
    Page navigation anchor for RE: A forgotten vulnerable group: Canadian children visiting relatives in the developing world.
    RE: A forgotten vulnerable group: Canadian children visiting relatives in the developing world.
    • Timothy M Jordan, MD, NIL

    I agree with Dr. Patrick et al. In fact, I would not hesitate to announce that by far the majority of illnesses in Canada are either self-inflicted through ignorance and complacency upon the part of the patient and then the healthcare system does its fair share of inflicting pain and suffering upon the rest. Is it time to take on another task to confuse an already confused public with too much information? Is it not time to simplify our healthcare systems for the ease of patient usage? I cannot understand why such people cannot attend their family doctor, who in turn is able to access all of the information on reputable medical websites, without more interference from others.
    Through the embrace of a culture of ridiculous political correctness; the dumbing down of society, to the extent that AI must be called upon to substitute for our incompetence; our attempts to be all things to all people, we cannot even manage to get the basics right. No wonder we need a nanny state? Is it now vitally important that we show our fallibility, by interfering with a parent's right to decision-making and caring for his children when they travel to third world countries. All the bureaucrats of the medical world have succeeded in doing, with each new attempt to improve health care, is to complicate the process. For example, read all the output from Diabetes Canada with respect to its guidelines and see how easy it is to complicate the treatment of an illness to the detriment of pa...

    Show More

    I agree with Dr. Patrick et al. In fact, I would not hesitate to announce that by far the majority of illnesses in Canada are either self-inflicted through ignorance and complacency upon the part of the patient and then the healthcare system does its fair share of inflicting pain and suffering upon the rest. Is it time to take on another task to confuse an already confused public with too much information? Is it not time to simplify our healthcare systems for the ease of patient usage? I cannot understand why such people cannot attend their family doctor, who in turn is able to access all of the information on reputable medical websites, without more interference from others.
    Through the embrace of a culture of ridiculous political correctness; the dumbing down of society, to the extent that AI must be called upon to substitute for our incompetence; our attempts to be all things to all people, we cannot even manage to get the basics right. No wonder we need a nanny state? Is it now vitally important that we show our fallibility, by interfering with a parent's right to decision-making and caring for his children when they travel to third world countries. All the bureaucrats of the medical world have succeeded in doing, with each new attempt to improve health care, is to complicate the process. For example, read all the output from Diabetes Canada with respect to its guidelines and see how easy it is to complicate the treatment of an illness to the detriment of patients. If doctors got out of their four-walled offices and practiced real medicine, I doubt whether the production of such a mammoth manual would be required. We should be resolving the problem not exacerbating it. Was it not Sir Isaac Newton stating, in one of his laws explaining gravity, that every reaction has an equal and opposite reaction. Until we are able to practice medicine in a competent manner, we should forget about reaching for 'pie in the sky' platitudes, which serve no-one except attempts at self-aggrandisement.

    Show Less
    Competing Interests: None declared.
  • Posted on: (17 June 2018)
    Page navigation anchor for A forgotten vulnerable group: Canadian children visiting relatives in the developing world
    A forgotten vulnerable group: Canadian children visiting relatives in the developing world
    • Rudy Zimmer, Public health physician, The University of Calgary

    Editorial staff of CMAJ recently boasted championing the health needs of “vulnerable populations” [1]. It has been more than a decade since the CMAJ championed better access to safe and appropriate pre-travel clinical prevention for vulnerable Canadians travelling overseas [2]. The most vulnerable group of travellers are children and their hard-working immigrant parents visiting friends and relatives (VFR) [3], who still live in economically poor countries across the globe. In Calgary, imported cases of malaria are mapped mostly to municipal wards with the highest proportion of immigrant travellers returning from African and South Asia [4]. Epidemiological studies among Canadians consistently identify VFR travellers as bearing the greatest burden of preventable travel-related diseases such as malaria, hepatitis A and typhoid fever [5]. Yet the federal and provincial governments continue to avoid addressing this ongoing problem, in part due to constitutional confusion over responsibility [6].

    Across Canada, provincial governments have deinsured pre-travel clinical prevention while paying foreign physicians for unregulated care, when travellers seek medical attention for fully preventable or self-treatable diseases (for example, Ontario [7,8]). This financing paradox applied to travel medicine’s continuum-of-care perversely promotes cash-strapped high-risk travellers to avoid effective pre-travel clinical prevention for life-threatening conditions, such as malaria an...

    Show More

    Editorial staff of CMAJ recently boasted championing the health needs of “vulnerable populations” [1]. It has been more than a decade since the CMAJ championed better access to safe and appropriate pre-travel clinical prevention for vulnerable Canadians travelling overseas [2]. The most vulnerable group of travellers are children and their hard-working immigrant parents visiting friends and relatives (VFR) [3], who still live in economically poor countries across the globe. In Calgary, imported cases of malaria are mapped mostly to municipal wards with the highest proportion of immigrant travellers returning from African and South Asia [4]. Epidemiological studies among Canadians consistently identify VFR travellers as bearing the greatest burden of preventable travel-related diseases such as malaria, hepatitis A and typhoid fever [5]. Yet the federal and provincial governments continue to avoid addressing this ongoing problem, in part due to constitutional confusion over responsibility [6].

    Across Canada, provincial governments have deinsured pre-travel clinical prevention while paying foreign physicians for unregulated care, when travellers seek medical attention for fully preventable or self-treatable diseases (for example, Ontario [7,8]). This financing paradox applied to travel medicine’s continuum-of-care perversely promotes cash-strapped high-risk travellers to avoid effective pre-travel clinical prevention for life-threatening conditions, such as malaria and vaccine preventable diseases. However, need for publicly-funded pre-travel services will grow. The federal government recently announced an ambitious plan to increase immigration to nearly 1 million people over the next three years, [9], with a majority coming from developing countries. With changing demographics, there will be increasing travel back to home countries in the tropics and subtopics, opening Canada up to increasing risks of imported infectious threats. We are likely less prepared now than during the SARS outbreak of 2003, especially as government policies toward pre-travel clinical prevention continue to undermine sustainable local public health and medical capacity building.

    Yet provincial bureaucrats continue to moralize defunding pre-travel clinical prevention for vulnerable groups such as the VFR population as being medically unnecessary. The rationalization implies that working-class immigrants and their Canadian children have a “choice” not to leave this country, if unable to afford all out-of-pocket expenses associated with necessary prevention to safely visit the home country. However, travel is a mobility right under the Charter [10], and not simply a “choice”. Children of immigrants from other Western countries may travel freely to visit relatives, and there are few travel restrictions for overseas relatives to visit Canadians here at home. Grandparents and extended family members living in poorer nations in the regions of African, Asian and Latin America face very different prospects, often being prohibited from visiting Canada due to fears of economic migration. Thus, the only realistic way for VFR children to keep personally connected with relatives is to travel to destinations with significant health risks and very limited medical care. Various levels of government thus neglect to protect Canadian children travelling internationally.

    The CMAJ states that it champions vulnerable groups. What about taking up the cause of vulnerable VFR children, whose only fault is to have hard-working parents being born in another part of this world?

    Reference:

    [1] Patrick K, Flegel K, Stanbrook MB. Vulnerable populations: an area CMAJ will continue to champion. CMAJ 2018;190:E307. doi: 10.1503/cmaj.180288. Available: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC5860889/pdf/190e307.pdf (accessed 2018 May 26). Archived: https://web.archive.org/web/20180526194439/https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/... (archived 2018 May 26).

    [2] Keystone JS, Hébert PC, Stanbrook MB, et al. Protecting Canadian travellers: prevention is than cure. CMAJ 2008;178:373, 375. doi: 10.1503/cmaj.080027. Available: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2228351/pdf/20080212s00003p... (accessed 2018 May 26). Archived: https://web.archive.org/web/20180526194540/https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/... (archived 2018 May 26).

    [3] Committee to Advise on Tropical Medicine and Travel (CATMAT). Statement on international travellers who intend to visit friends and relatives. An Advisory Committee Statement (ACS). Ottawa: Her Majesty the Queen in Right of Canada, as represented by the Minister of Health; 2015. Available: https://www.canada.ca/content/dam/phac-aspc/migration/phac-aspc/tmp-pmv/... (accessed 2018 Apr 28). Archived: https://web.archive.org/web/20180428201636/https://www.canada.ca/content... (archived 2018 Apr 28).

    [4] Lee CS, Gregson DB, Church D, et al. Population-based laboratory surveillance of imported malaria in metropolitan Calgary, 2000-2011. PLoS One 2013;8:e60751. doi: 10.1371/journal.pone.0060751. Available: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3626683/pdf/pone.0060751.pdf (accessed 2018 Jun 16). Archived: https://web.archive.org/web/20180616200518/https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/... (archived 2018 Jun 16).

    [5] Bui YG, Trépanier S, Milord F, et al. Cases of malaria, hepatitis A, and typhoid fever among VFRs, Quebec (Canada). J Travel Med 2011;18:373-8. doi: 10.1111/j.1708-8305.2011.00556.x. Available: https://academic.oup.com/jtm/article/18/6/373/1806353 (accessed 2018 Jun 16). Archived: https://web.archive.org/web/20180616200912/https://academic.oup.com/jtm/... (archived 2018 Jun 16).

    [6] Zimmer R. Competing visions for travel health services in Canada. J Travel Med 2018;25. doi: 10.1093/jtm/tax096.

    [7] Ontario Ministry of Health and Long-term Care. Fact sheet: travel medicine services. Toronto: Queen’s Printer for Ontario; 1998. Available: http://www.health.gov.on.ca/en/pro/programs/ohip/bulletins/4317/bul4317b... (accessed 2018 Jun 17). Archived: https://web.archive.org/web/20180617074926/http://www.health.gov.on.ca/e... (archived 2018 Jun 17).

    [8] Ontario Ministry of Health and Long-term Care. OHIP coverage while outside Canada: find out what OHIP covers when you’re temporarily outside Canada. Toronto: Queen’s Printer for Ontario; 2018. Available: https://www.ontario.ca/page/ohip-coverage-while-outside-canada (accessed 2018 Jun 17).

    [9] Harris K, Hall C, Zimonjic P. Canada to admit nearly 1 million immigrants over next 3 years. Toronto: Canadian Broadcasting Corporation; 2017. Available: http://www.cbc.ca/news/politics/immigration-canada-2018-1.4371146 (accessed 2018 Apr 28). Archived: https://web.archive.org/web/20171101200208/http://www.cbc.ca/news/politi... (archived 2017 Nov 01).

    [10] Canadian Charter of Rights and Freedoms, Part I of the Constitution Act, 1982, being Schedule B to the Canada Act 1982 (UK), 1982, c 11.Dec 7, 2017. Available: http://laws-lois.justice.gc.ca/eng/Const/page-15.html (accessed 2018 Apr 28). Archived: https://web.archive.org/web/20180428202722/http://laws-lois.justice.gc.c... (archived 2018 Apr 28).

    Show Less
    Competing Interests: None declared.
  • Posted on: (5 April 2018)
    Page navigation anchor for Poverty as a medical condition
    Poverty as a medical condition
    • Jonathan Fuller, medical student, University of Toronto
    • Other Contributors:
      • Mayura Loganathan, family physician

    In a welcome CMAJ editorial, Patrick et al. [1] announce that “vulnerable populations” is to be a continuing thematic focus of the journal. We wish to draw attention to one important cause of vulnerability – poverty – and how a focus on poverty and other social determinants could herald a salient shift in our model of disease and research for the journal and for medicine more broadly.

    CMAJ’s mission, as stated by Patrick et al., is to “champion knowledge that matters for the health of Canadians”, including “high-quality evidence and analysis”. Traditionally, medical evidence and analysis have been oriented around diseases, from basic research on the biology of disease and clinical epidemiological research on disease screening/intervention to disease-specific clinical guidelines. This orientation is consistent with a medical model that still places biomedical diseases at the centre [2]. While Engel’s rival biopsychosocial model was once touted in the pages of major journals [3], it has been somewhat displaced by newer humanistic movements like narrative medicine and person-centred medicine.

    The subtle ambitiousness of Engel’s proposal is often underappreciated. Engel argued not merely for accepting psychological and social factors as distant upstream ‘social determinants’, but for widening the borders of disease to permit these entities. Applying this model to poverty could mean recognizing poverty as a medical condition for which we can screen with validat...

    Show More

    In a welcome CMAJ editorial, Patrick et al. [1] announce that “vulnerable populations” is to be a continuing thematic focus of the journal. We wish to draw attention to one important cause of vulnerability – poverty – and how a focus on poverty and other social determinants could herald a salient shift in our model of disease and research for the journal and for medicine more broadly.

    CMAJ’s mission, as stated by Patrick et al., is to “champion knowledge that matters for the health of Canadians”, including “high-quality evidence and analysis”. Traditionally, medical evidence and analysis have been oriented around diseases, from basic research on the biology of disease and clinical epidemiological research on disease screening/intervention to disease-specific clinical guidelines. This orientation is consistent with a medical model that still places biomedical diseases at the centre [2]. While Engel’s rival biopsychosocial model was once touted in the pages of major journals [3], it has been somewhat displaced by newer humanistic movements like narrative medicine and person-centred medicine.

    The subtle ambitiousness of Engel’s proposal is often underappreciated. Engel argued not merely for accepting psychological and social factors as distant upstream ‘social determinants’, but for widening the borders of disease to permit these entities. Applying this model to poverty could mean recognizing poverty as a medical condition for which we can screen with validated questions, that has etiologies, that is a risk factor for other conditions (including chronic diseases), that we can diagnose, and that we can treat with available resources [4]. While the field of social epidemiology has studied social ills like poverty for some time, managing poverty will require “high quality evidence” from clinical epidemiology as well.

    It will also require high-quality evidence-informed guidance. To this end, the Centre for Effective Practice has produced a tool for front-line Canadian clinicians to help them screen for, identify and intervene in poverty [4]. Producing knowledge that matters for the health of Canada’s vulnerable populations may require no less than reorienting medical research and guidelines.

    References
    [1] Patrick, K, Flegel, K, Stanbrook, MB. Vulnerable populations: an area CMAJ will continue to champion. CMAJ 2018;190(11):E307.
    [2] Fuller, J. The new medical model: a renewed challenge for biomedicine. CMAJ 2017;189(17):E640-E641.
    [3] Engel GL. The need for a new medical model: a challenge for biomedicine. Science 1977;196(4286):129-136.
    [4] Centre for Effective Practice. Poverty. https://thewellhealth.ca/poverty#tools. Toronto: The Well. Accessed 4 April 2018.

    Show Less
    Competing Interests: None declared.
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Vulnerable populations: an area CMAJ will continue to champion
Kirsten Patrick, Ken Flegel, Matthew B. Stanbrook
CMAJ Mar 2018, 190 (11) E307; DOI: 10.1503/cmaj.180288

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Vulnerable populations: an area CMAJ will continue to champion
Kirsten Patrick, Ken Flegel, Matthew B. Stanbrook
CMAJ Mar 2018, 190 (11) E307; DOI: 10.1503/cmaj.180288
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