Frat et al., 2015 (19) | 23 ICUs in France and Belgium | 310 (68.4) |
| SAPS II:
| Pao2:Fio2 ratio ≤ 300 mm Hg; Paco2 ≤ 45 mm Hg; respiratory rate ≥ 25 beats/min; no history of chronic respiratory failure |
| Group 1: Non-rebreather mask
|
Group 2: NIV
|
Hernandez et al., 2016 (33) | 7 ICUs in Spain | 527 (62.0) |
| APACHE II:
| Pao2:Fio2 ratio > 150 mm Hg; Paco2 ≤ 45 mm Hg; pH > 7.35 |
| Nasal cannula or non-rebreather mask
|
Maggiore et al., 2014 (21) | 2 ICUs in Italy | 105 (64.8) |
| SAPS II:
| Pao2:Fio2 ratio ≤ 300 mm Hg; Paco2 ≥ 45 mm Hg; respiratory rate ≥ 25 beats/min |
| Venturi mask
|
Perbet et al., 2014 (34)* | 4 ICUs in France | 80 | NA | NA | NA | NA | Conventional oxygen therapy |
Simon et al., 2014 (35) | 1 ICU in Germany | 40 (60.0) |
| SAPS II:
| Pao2:Fio2 ratio < 300 mm Hg |
| NIV
|
Stephan et al., 2015 (32) | 6 ICUs in France | 830 (66.4) |
| SAPS II:
| Pao2:Fio2 ratio ≤ 300 mm Hg; respiratory rate ≥ 25 beats/min |
| BiPAP
|