Article Figures & Tables
Figures
- Figure 1:
Creation of the study cohort.*Restricted to urban and suburban areas in Toronto and surrounding communities (Burlington, Oakville, Mississauga, Brampton, Richmond Hill, Vaughan, Markham, Pickering, Ajax, Whitby and Oshawa). †Among women who immigrated to Canada in 1985 or later. Values in brackets reflect the no. of women who gave birth. OHIP = Ontario Health Insurance Plan.
- Figure 2:
Mean daily outdoor air temperature over the 30-day period before screening for gestational diabetes mellitus (GDM) and corresponding crude prevalence (95% confidence interval [vertical bars]) of GDM. Data are shown for pregnancies (n = 555 911) that occurred in the Greater Toronto Area in Ontario, from 2002 to 2014. Crude and age-adjusted prevalences for GDM per 1°C rise in 30-day mean temperature were highly correlated (R2 = 0.997). Coldest (blue) to moderate (green) to hottest (red) temperatures are shown on the solid line. CI = confidence interval.
- Figure 3:
Relative odds of gestational diabetes mellitus (GDM; unadjusted [black squares] and adjusted [red circles] odds ratios [95% CI]) per 10°C increase in mean daily outdoor air temperature over a 30-day period before screening for GDM. The top 2 models (green text) include all pregnancies, by the 30-day period before 27 weeks gestation and the 30-day period before the actual date of screening, adjusted for maternal age, parity, income quintile, world region and year. The middle 2 models (blue text) include only women with 2 consecutive pregnancies, adjusted for maternal age and parity for each pregnancy. The bottom model (orange text) includes only the subgroup of women with serum glucose results for the 50-g glucose challenge test, adjusted for maternal age, parity, income quintile, world region and year. CI = confidence interval, OR = odds ratio.
Tables
- Table 1:
No. of births to women who underwent screening for gestational diabetes in the Greater Toronto Area in Ontario (2002–2014), by maternal characteristic
Maternal characteristic No. of births (%)*
n = 555 911†Age, mean ± SD; yr 30.9 ± 5.4 No. of previous births 0 259 258 (46.6) 1 198 578 (35.7) ≥ 2 98 075 (17.6) World region of birth Canada 307 254 (55.3) Western Nations and Europe 32 312 (5.8) Hispanic America 18 350 (3.3) Caribbean 15 872 (2.9) Sub-Saharan Africa 17 795 (3.2) Middle East and North Africa 19 737 (3.6) East Asia and Pacific 62 352 (11.2) South Asia 82 239 (14.8) Neighbourhood income Q1 (lowest) 150 727 (27.1) Q2 123 193 (22.2) Q3 102 297 (18.4) Q4 91 686 (16.5) Q5 (highest) 88 008 (15.8) Year child was born‡ 2002 33 594 (6.0) 2003 37 844 (6.8) 2004 49 696 (8.9) 2005 49 599 (8.9) 2006 49 597 (8.9) 2007 50 140 (9.0) 2008 48 416 (8.7) 2009 47 965 (8.6) 2010 47 103 (8.5) 2011 47 466 (8.5) 2012 47 807 (8.6) 2013 46 684 (8.4) - Table 2:
Odds ratios for gestational diabetes mellitus, by characteristics of the index pregnancy among included births to women who underwent screening in the Greater Toronto Area in Ontario (2002–2014)*
Characteristic Unadjusted OR (95% CI) Adjusted OR (95% CI)† Mean outdoor air temperature over the 30-day period before 27th wk of pregnancy per 10°C increment 1.07 (1.06–1.08) 1.06 (1.05–1.07) Age per 1-yr increment 1.08 (1.07–1.08) 1.09 (1.09–1.10) Parity 0 1.00 (ref) 1.00 (ref) 1 1.12 (1.09–1.14) 0.87 (0.85–0.89) ≥ 2 1.45 (1.41–1.49) 0.92 (0.89–0.94) Neighbourhood income Q1 (lowest) 1.00 (ref) 1.00 (ref) Q2 0.90 (0.87–0.92) 0.93 (0.90–0.96) Q3 0.79 (0.77–0.82) 0.85 (0.82–0.88) Q4 0.66 (0.64–0.69) 0.73 (0.71–0.76) Q5 (highest) 0.51 (0.49–0.53) 0.55 (0.53–0.58) World region of birth Canada 1.00 (ref) 1.00 (ref) Western Nations and Europe 0.94 (0.88–1.00) 0.89 (0.85–0.95) Hispanic America 1.55 (1.46–1.65) 1.49 (1.40–1.60) Caribbean 1.42 (1.32–1.52) 1.42 (1.32–1.53) Sub-Saharan Africa 1.50 (1.40–1.60) 1.27 (1.19–1.36) Middle East and North Africa 1.47 (1.38–1.56) 1.38 (1.30–1.47) East Asia and Pacific 2.04 (1.97–2.12) 1.70 (1.64–1.76) South Asia 2.80 (2.72–2.89) 2.95 (2.85–3.04) Year child was born‡ 2002 1.00 (ref) 1.00 (ref) 2003 1.05 (0.98–1.13) 1.02 (0.95–1.09) 2004 1.33 (1.25–1.41) 1.21 (1.14–1.29) 2005 1.40 (1.32–1.49) 1.26 (1.18–1.33) 2006 1.51 (1.42–1.60) 1.33 1.25–1.41) 2007 1.47 (1.39–1.56) 1.27 (1.19–1.35) 2008 1.78 (1.68–1.89) 1.53 (1.44–1.62) 2009 1.84 (1.74–1.95) 1.56 (1.46–1.65) 2010 1.76 (1.66–1.87) 1.46 (1.37–1.56) 2011 1.79 (1.68–1.90) 1.48 (1.39–1.57) 2012 1.86 (1.75–1.97) 1.53 (1.44–1.62) 2013 1.62 (1.52–1.72) 1.33 (1.25–1.41) Note: CI = confidence interval, OR = odds ratios, Q = quintile, ref = referent.
↵* No. of included births, n = 555 911; no. of included women, n = 396 828.
↵† Odds ratios are adjusted for all variables listed in the table.
↵‡ Fiscal year, from Apr. 1 of the indicated year to Mar. 31 of the subsequent year, as defined by Ontario’s Ministry of Health and Long-Term Care.
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