Demographics |
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Age, mean ± SD, yr | 73.7 ± 7.1 | 74.1 ± 7.3 | 6 | 73.9 ± 7.2 | 74.0 ± 7.2 | 2 |
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Sex, female | 359 895 (58.4) | 389 520 (55.2) | 6 | 288 515 (57.3) | 288 473 (57.3) | 0 |
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Income quintile‡ |
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1 (low) | 120 433 (19.5) | 135 873 (19.3) | 1 | 99 340 (19.7) | 100 535 (20.0) | 1 |
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2 | 128 791 (20.9) | 147 680 (20.9) | 0 | 106 101 (21.1) | 106 738 (21.2) | 0 |
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3 (middle) | 121 353 (19.7) | 139 156 (19.7) | 0 | 101 012 (20.1) | 101 455 (20.1) | 0 |
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4 | 120 224 (19.5) | 138 126 (19.6) | 0 | 97 895 (19.4) | 97 247 (19.3) | 0 |
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5 (high) | 123 398 (20.0) | 141 829 (20.1) | 0 | 99 264 (19.7) | 97 637 (19.4) | 1 |
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Rural residence§ | 87 490 (14.2) | 89 820 (12.7) | 4 | 68 952 (13.7) | 67 861 (13.5) | 1 |
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Long-term care | 20 921 (3.4) | 37 020 (5.3) | 9 | 20 538 (4.1) | 23 129 (4.6) | 3 |
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Prescribing physician¶ |
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General practitioner | 474 660 (77.0) | 398 920 (56.6) | 44 | 367 302 (72.9) | 368 847 (73.2) | 1 |
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Internist | 2 797 (0.5) | 2 967 (0.4) | 1 | 2 461 (0.5) | 2 611 (0.5) | 0 |
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Nephrologist | 802 (0.1) | 788 (0.1) | 1 | 749 (0.1) | 626 (0.1) | 1 |
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Cardiologist | 856 (0.1) | 1 146 (0.2) | 1 | 813 (0.2) | 909 (0.2) | 0 |
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Other | 37 133 (6.0) | 38 396 (5.4) | 2 | 32 194 (6.4) | 34 646 (6.9) | 2 |
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Comorbidities** |
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Chronic kidney disease†† | 27 800 (4.5) | 36 539 (5.2) | 3 | 25 543 (5.1) | 25 543 (5.1) | 0 |
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Congestive heart failure | 61 351 (10.0) | 77 802 (11.0) | 4 | 56 214 (11.2) | 56 214 (11.2) | 0 |
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Coronary artery disease‡‡ | 158 521 (25.7) | 190 688 (27.0) | 3 | 138 038 (27.4) | 138 038 (27.4) | 0 |
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Angina | 117 261 (19.0) | 135 415 (19.2) | 0 | 99 400 (19.7) | 99 463 (19.7) | 0 |
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Chronic lung disease | 177 653 (28.8) | 167 962 (23.8) | 11 | 138 346 (27.5) | 136 245 (27.1) | 1 |
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Atrial fibrillation or flutter | 25 513 (4.1) | 39 678 (5.6) | 7 | 23 970 (4.8) | 25 574 (5.1) | 1 |
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Cancer§§ | 76 143 (12.4) | 86 596 (12.3) | 0 | 62 477 (12.4) | 62 302 (12.4) | 0 |
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Charlson Comorbidity Index¶¶ |
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0 | 394 182 (64.0) | 441 541 (62.6) | 3 | 396 258 (78.7) | 394 517 (78.3) | 1 |
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1 | 151 182 (24.5) | 173 421 (24.6) | 0 | 44 718 (8.9) | 45 227 (9.0) | 0 |
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2 | 36 695 (6.0) | 44 093 (6.3) | 1 | 31 456 (6.2) | 31 689 (6.3) | 0 |
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≥ 3 | 34 300 (5.6) | 46 077 (6.5) | 4 | 31 180 (6.2) | 32 179 (6.4) | 1 |
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Medication use*** |
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Antiarrhythmic | 8 265 (1.3) | 13 318 (1.9) | 4 | 7 897 (1.6) | 8 306 (1.6) | 1 |
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Antilipemic | 221 688 (36.0) | 272 129 (38.6) | 5 | 188 554 (37.4) | 189 507 (37.6) | 0 |
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Antihypertensive | 378 579 (61.4) | 441 513 (62.6) | 2 | 315 012 (62.6) | 316 392 (62.8) | 1 |
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QT-prolonging | 79 216 (12.9) | 96 628 (13.7) | 3 | 68 376 (13.6) | 68 376 (13.6) | 0 |
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ACE inhibitor or ARB | 244 089 (39.6) | 286 273 (40.6) | 2 | 203 598 (40.4) | 204 220 (40.6) | 0 |
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β-adrenergic antagonist | 143 479 (23.3) | 175 820 (24.9) | 4 | 122 840 (24.4) | 123 696 (24.6) | 0 |
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Statin | 206 154 (33.4) | 253 885 (36.0) | 5 | 175 534 (34.9) | 176 476 (35.0) | 0 |
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Warfarin | 28 511 (4.6) | 52 322 (7.4) | 12 | 27 911 (5.5) | 31 117 (6.2) | 3 |
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β-agonist inhaler | 71 383 (11.6) | 61 638 (8.7) | 9 | 54 089 (10.7) | 52 530 (10.4) | 1 |
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Health care use††† |
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General practitioner visits | 588 000 (95.4) | 671 789 (95.3) | 1 | 480 748 (95.5) | 481 050 (95.5) | 0 |
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Nephrologist consults | 23 354 (3.8) | 31 104 (4.4) | 3 | 20 866 (4.1) | 21 237 (4.2) | 0 |
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Cardiologist consults | 192 925 (31.3) | 233 623 (33.1) | 4 | 163 132 (32.4) | 164 185 (32.6) | 0 |
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Prior investigations and treatments |
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Echocardiography | 76 276 (12.4) | 95 002 (13.5) | 3 | 65 733 (13.1) | 66 452 (13.2) | 0 |
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Cardiac stress test | 59 803 (9.7) | 68 956 (9.8) | 0 | 49 842 (9.9) | 49 678 (9.9) | 0 |
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Electrocardiography | 270 574 (43.9) | 319 725 (45.3) | 3 | 225 533 (44.8) | 226 738 (45.0) | 0 |
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Influenza vaccination | 330 636 (53.6) | 372 220 (52.8) | 2 | 269 517 (53.5) | 269 306 (53.5) | 0 |
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Urinalysis | 9 521 (1.5) | 34 249 (4.9) | 19 | 9 520 (1.9) | 9 786 (1.9) | 0 |