Demographic |
Age, yr, mean ± SD | 64.5 ± 12.7 | 65.3 ± 11.6 | < 0.01 |
Sex, male | 75.4 | 75.8 | 0.6 |
Obesity (BMI > 30) | 35.8 | 30.7 | < 0.01 |
Current smoker | 23.4 | 11.7 | < 0.01 |
Comorbid condition |
Myocardial infarction | 63.4 | 52.6 | < 0.01 |
Myocardial infarction < 3 wk before cardiac surgery | 38.4 | 36.0 | 0.01 |
Peripheral vascular disease | 24.4 | 20.6 | < 0.01 |
Cerebrovascular disease | 18.6 | 17.3 | 0.08 |
Congestive heart failure | 36.0 | 41.6 | < 0.01 |
Left ventricular ejection fraction | | | < 0.01 |
≥ 35% | 61.5 | 74.6 | |
< 35% | 6.1 | 2.8 | |
Unknown | 32.4 | 22.6 | |
COPD | 46.6 | 29.5 | < 0.01 |
Diabetes mellitus | 33.7 | 33.8 | 0.9 |
Nondermatologic malignant disease | 10.5 | 10.9 | 0.6 |
Hypertension | 79.5 | 63.4 | < 0.01 |
Previous heart surgery | 8.3 | 4.7 | < 0.01 |
Family history of heart disease | 32.0 | 32.3 | 0.8 |
Preoperative IABP | 1.9 | 2.4 | 0.2 |
Cardiogenic shock | 0.3 | 0.1 | 0.01 |
CCS angina class III or IV (% missing data) | 54.6 (3.4) | 62.5 (0.04) | < 0.01 |
NYHA class IV† (% missing data) | 37.1 (59.1) | 42.0 (18.1) | < 0.01 |
Laboratory variables |
eGFR, mL/min per 1.73 m2, mean ± SD | 73.6 ± 21.2 | 75.6 ± 20.1 | < 0.01 |
Serum creatinine, μmol/L, mean ± SD | 90 ± 30 | 100 ± 30 | < 0.01 |
Hemoglobin, g/L, mean ± SD (% missing data) | 136 ± 18 (0.05) | 138 ± 18 (0.1) | < 0.01 |
Proteinuria | | | < 0.01 |
No | 42.9 | 72.5 | |
Yes | 12.1 | 10.7 | |
Unknown | 45.0 | 16.8 | |
Catheterization | 94.2 | 95.0 | |
Duke Jeopardy Score |
0 (normal) | 16.5 | 16.5 | |
1–6 (low risk) | 12.1 | 13.0 | |
7–11 (high risk) | 41.5 | 38.5 | |
12–13 (left main) | 21.8 | 25.1 | |
Unknown | 8.1 | 6.9 | |
Time from catheterization to cardiac surgery, d, median (IQR) | 35 (13–92) | 12 (6–70) | < 0.01 |
Indication for coronary angiography before surgery | | | < 0.01 |
Stable angina | 30.0 | 25.7 | |
Unstable angina | 10.5 | 15.7 | |
STEMI | 7.2 | 8.7 | |
Non-STEMI | 15.9 | 15.8 | |
Valvular heart disease | 19.7 | 18.8 | |
Congestive heart failure | 3.9 | 2.3 | |
Other‡ | 5.8 | 7.5 | |
Unknown | 6.9 | 5.5 | |
Surgical characteristics |
Type of cardiac surgery | | | < 0.01 |
CABG | 52.5 | 60.5 | |
Valve | 9.3 | 14.0 | |
CABG + valve | 7.5 | 7.7 | |
Other§ | 30.7 | 17.8 | |
Surgery booking status | | | < 0.01 |
Elective or outpatient urgent | 53.7 | 40.7 | |
Inpatient urgent | 42.4 | 52.2 | |
Emergent | 3.9 | 6.3 | |
Unknown | – | 0.8 | |
Outcome | | | 0.1 |
AKI requiring dialysis | 2.5 | 3.1 | |