Research
Do clinicians understand the size of treatment effects? A randomized survey across 8 countries
Bradley C. Johnston, Pablo Alonso-Coello, Jan O. Friedrich, Reem A. Mustafa, Kari A.O. Tikkinen, Ignacio Neumann, Per O. Vandvik, Elie A. Akl, Bruno R. da Costa, Neill K. Adhikari, Gemma Mas Dalmau, Elise Kosunen, Jukka Mustonen, Mark W. Crawford, Lehana Thabane and Gordon H. Guyatt
CMAJ January 05, 2016 188 (1) 25-32; DOI: https://doi.org/10.1503/cmaj.150430
Bradley C. Johnston
Department of Anesthesia and Pain Medicine (Johnston, Crawford), The Hospital for Sick Children, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ont.; Institute of Health Policy, Management and Evaluation (Johnston), Dalla Lana School of Public Health, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ont.; Child Health Evaluative Sciences (Johnston), The Hospital for Sick Children Research Institute, Toronto, Ont.; Iberoamerican Cochrane Center (Alonso-Coello, Dalmau), Biomedical Research Institute Sant Pau, CIBER Epidemiologiay Salud Publica, Barcelona, Spain; Departments of Critical Care and Medicine (Friedrich), St. Michael’s Hospital, Toronto, Ont.; Department of Medicine and Interdepartmental Division of Critical Care (Friedrich), University of Toronto, Toronto, Ont.; Departments of Medicine and Biomedical and Health Informatics (Mustafa), University of Missouri–Kansas City, Kansas City, Mo.; Department of Clinical Epidemiology and Biostatistics (Mustafa, Tikkinen, Neumann, Akl, Thabane, Guyatt), McMaster University, Hamilton, Ont.; Departments of Urology and Public Health (Tikkinen), Helsinki University Central Hospital and University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland; Department of Internal Medicine (Neumann), Pontificia Universidad Catolica de Chile, Santiago, Chile; Institute of Health and Society (Vandvik), Faculty of Medicine, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway; Department of Medicine (Vandvik), Innlandet Hospital Trust, Division Gjövik, Norway; Clinical Epidemiology Unit (Akl), American University of Beirut, Beirut, Lebanon; Institute of Primary Health Care (da Costa), University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland; Department of Critical Care Medicine and Sunnybrook Research Institute (Adhikari), Sunnybrook Health Sciences Centre, Toronto, Ont.; Interdepartmental Division of Critical Care (Adhikari), University of Toronto, Toronto, Ont.; School of Medicine and Centre for General Practice (Kosunen), University of Tampere and Pirkanmaa Hospital District, Tampere, Finland; School of Medicine and Department of Internal Medicine (Mustonen), University of Tampere and Tampere University Hospital, Tampere, Finland; Physiology and Experimental Medicine (Crawford), The Hospital for Sick Children Research Institute, Toronto, Ont.; Biostatistics Unit of the Centre for Evaluation of Medicines (Thabane), McMaster University, Hamilton, Ont.; Population Health Research Unit, Hamilton Health Sciences (Thabane), McMaster University, Hamilton, Ont.; Department of Medicine (Guyatt), McMaster University, Hamilton, Ont.
Pablo Alonso-Coello
Department of Anesthesia and Pain Medicine (Johnston, Crawford), The Hospital for Sick Children, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ont.; Institute of Health Policy, Management and Evaluation (Johnston), Dalla Lana School of Public Health, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ont.; Child Health Evaluative Sciences (Johnston), The Hospital for Sick Children Research Institute, Toronto, Ont.; Iberoamerican Cochrane Center (Alonso-Coello, Dalmau), Biomedical Research Institute Sant Pau, CIBER Epidemiologiay Salud Publica, Barcelona, Spain; Departments of Critical Care and Medicine (Friedrich), St. Michael’s Hospital, Toronto, Ont.; Department of Medicine and Interdepartmental Division of Critical Care (Friedrich), University of Toronto, Toronto, Ont.; Departments of Medicine and Biomedical and Health Informatics (Mustafa), University of Missouri–Kansas City, Kansas City, Mo.; Department of Clinical Epidemiology and Biostatistics (Mustafa, Tikkinen, Neumann, Akl, Thabane, Guyatt), McMaster University, Hamilton, Ont.; Departments of Urology and Public Health (Tikkinen), Helsinki University Central Hospital and University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland; Department of Internal Medicine (Neumann), Pontificia Universidad Catolica de Chile, Santiago, Chile; Institute of Health and Society (Vandvik), Faculty of Medicine, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway; Department of Medicine (Vandvik), Innlandet Hospital Trust, Division Gjövik, Norway; Clinical Epidemiology Unit (Akl), American University of Beirut, Beirut, Lebanon; Institute of Primary Health Care (da Costa), University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland; Department of Critical Care Medicine and Sunnybrook Research Institute (Adhikari), Sunnybrook Health Sciences Centre, Toronto, Ont.; Interdepartmental Division of Critical Care (Adhikari), University of Toronto, Toronto, Ont.; School of Medicine and Centre for General Practice (Kosunen), University of Tampere and Pirkanmaa Hospital District, Tampere, Finland; School of Medicine and Department of Internal Medicine (Mustonen), University of Tampere and Tampere University Hospital, Tampere, Finland; Physiology and Experimental Medicine (Crawford), The Hospital for Sick Children Research Institute, Toronto, Ont.; Biostatistics Unit of the Centre for Evaluation of Medicines (Thabane), McMaster University, Hamilton, Ont.; Population Health Research Unit, Hamilton Health Sciences (Thabane), McMaster University, Hamilton, Ont.; Department of Medicine (Guyatt), McMaster University, Hamilton, Ont.
Jan O. Friedrich
Department of Anesthesia and Pain Medicine (Johnston, Crawford), The Hospital for Sick Children, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ont.; Institute of Health Policy, Management and Evaluation (Johnston), Dalla Lana School of Public Health, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ont.; Child Health Evaluative Sciences (Johnston), The Hospital for Sick Children Research Institute, Toronto, Ont.; Iberoamerican Cochrane Center (Alonso-Coello, Dalmau), Biomedical Research Institute Sant Pau, CIBER Epidemiologiay Salud Publica, Barcelona, Spain; Departments of Critical Care and Medicine (Friedrich), St. Michael’s Hospital, Toronto, Ont.; Department of Medicine and Interdepartmental Division of Critical Care (Friedrich), University of Toronto, Toronto, Ont.; Departments of Medicine and Biomedical and Health Informatics (Mustafa), University of Missouri–Kansas City, Kansas City, Mo.; Department of Clinical Epidemiology and Biostatistics (Mustafa, Tikkinen, Neumann, Akl, Thabane, Guyatt), McMaster University, Hamilton, Ont.; Departments of Urology and Public Health (Tikkinen), Helsinki University Central Hospital and University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland; Department of Internal Medicine (Neumann), Pontificia Universidad Catolica de Chile, Santiago, Chile; Institute of Health and Society (Vandvik), Faculty of Medicine, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway; Department of Medicine (Vandvik), Innlandet Hospital Trust, Division Gjövik, Norway; Clinical Epidemiology Unit (Akl), American University of Beirut, Beirut, Lebanon; Institute of Primary Health Care (da Costa), University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland; Department of Critical Care Medicine and Sunnybrook Research Institute (Adhikari), Sunnybrook Health Sciences Centre, Toronto, Ont.; Interdepartmental Division of Critical Care (Adhikari), University of Toronto, Toronto, Ont.; School of Medicine and Centre for General Practice (Kosunen), University of Tampere and Pirkanmaa Hospital District, Tampere, Finland; School of Medicine and Department of Internal Medicine (Mustonen), University of Tampere and Tampere University Hospital, Tampere, Finland; Physiology and Experimental Medicine (Crawford), The Hospital for Sick Children Research Institute, Toronto, Ont.; Biostatistics Unit of the Centre for Evaluation of Medicines (Thabane), McMaster University, Hamilton, Ont.; Population Health Research Unit, Hamilton Health Sciences (Thabane), McMaster University, Hamilton, Ont.; Department of Medicine (Guyatt), McMaster University, Hamilton, Ont.
Reem A. Mustafa
Department of Anesthesia and Pain Medicine (Johnston, Crawford), The Hospital for Sick Children, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ont.; Institute of Health Policy, Management and Evaluation (Johnston), Dalla Lana School of Public Health, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ont.; Child Health Evaluative Sciences (Johnston), The Hospital for Sick Children Research Institute, Toronto, Ont.; Iberoamerican Cochrane Center (Alonso-Coello, Dalmau), Biomedical Research Institute Sant Pau, CIBER Epidemiologiay Salud Publica, Barcelona, Spain; Departments of Critical Care and Medicine (Friedrich), St. Michael’s Hospital, Toronto, Ont.; Department of Medicine and Interdepartmental Division of Critical Care (Friedrich), University of Toronto, Toronto, Ont.; Departments of Medicine and Biomedical and Health Informatics (Mustafa), University of Missouri–Kansas City, Kansas City, Mo.; Department of Clinical Epidemiology and Biostatistics (Mustafa, Tikkinen, Neumann, Akl, Thabane, Guyatt), McMaster University, Hamilton, Ont.; Departments of Urology and Public Health (Tikkinen), Helsinki University Central Hospital and University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland; Department of Internal Medicine (Neumann), Pontificia Universidad Catolica de Chile, Santiago, Chile; Institute of Health and Society (Vandvik), Faculty of Medicine, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway; Department of Medicine (Vandvik), Innlandet Hospital Trust, Division Gjövik, Norway; Clinical Epidemiology Unit (Akl), American University of Beirut, Beirut, Lebanon; Institute of Primary Health Care (da Costa), University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland; Department of Critical Care Medicine and Sunnybrook Research Institute (Adhikari), Sunnybrook Health Sciences Centre, Toronto, Ont.; Interdepartmental Division of Critical Care (Adhikari), University of Toronto, Toronto, Ont.; School of Medicine and Centre for General Practice (Kosunen), University of Tampere and Pirkanmaa Hospital District, Tampere, Finland; School of Medicine and Department of Internal Medicine (Mustonen), University of Tampere and Tampere University Hospital, Tampere, Finland; Physiology and Experimental Medicine (Crawford), The Hospital for Sick Children Research Institute, Toronto, Ont.; Biostatistics Unit of the Centre for Evaluation of Medicines (Thabane), McMaster University, Hamilton, Ont.; Population Health Research Unit, Hamilton Health Sciences (Thabane), McMaster University, Hamilton, Ont.; Department of Medicine (Guyatt), McMaster University, Hamilton, Ont.
Kari A.O. Tikkinen
Department of Anesthesia and Pain Medicine (Johnston, Crawford), The Hospital for Sick Children, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ont.; Institute of Health Policy, Management and Evaluation (Johnston), Dalla Lana School of Public Health, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ont.; Child Health Evaluative Sciences (Johnston), The Hospital for Sick Children Research Institute, Toronto, Ont.; Iberoamerican Cochrane Center (Alonso-Coello, Dalmau), Biomedical Research Institute Sant Pau, CIBER Epidemiologiay Salud Publica, Barcelona, Spain; Departments of Critical Care and Medicine (Friedrich), St. Michael’s Hospital, Toronto, Ont.; Department of Medicine and Interdepartmental Division of Critical Care (Friedrich), University of Toronto, Toronto, Ont.; Departments of Medicine and Biomedical and Health Informatics (Mustafa), University of Missouri–Kansas City, Kansas City, Mo.; Department of Clinical Epidemiology and Biostatistics (Mustafa, Tikkinen, Neumann, Akl, Thabane, Guyatt), McMaster University, Hamilton, Ont.; Departments of Urology and Public Health (Tikkinen), Helsinki University Central Hospital and University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland; Department of Internal Medicine (Neumann), Pontificia Universidad Catolica de Chile, Santiago, Chile; Institute of Health and Society (Vandvik), Faculty of Medicine, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway; Department of Medicine (Vandvik), Innlandet Hospital Trust, Division Gjövik, Norway; Clinical Epidemiology Unit (Akl), American University of Beirut, Beirut, Lebanon; Institute of Primary Health Care (da Costa), University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland; Department of Critical Care Medicine and Sunnybrook Research Institute (Adhikari), Sunnybrook Health Sciences Centre, Toronto, Ont.; Interdepartmental Division of Critical Care (Adhikari), University of Toronto, Toronto, Ont.; School of Medicine and Centre for General Practice (Kosunen), University of Tampere and Pirkanmaa Hospital District, Tampere, Finland; School of Medicine and Department of Internal Medicine (Mustonen), University of Tampere and Tampere University Hospital, Tampere, Finland; Physiology and Experimental Medicine (Crawford), The Hospital for Sick Children Research Institute, Toronto, Ont.; Biostatistics Unit of the Centre for Evaluation of Medicines (Thabane), McMaster University, Hamilton, Ont.; Population Health Research Unit, Hamilton Health Sciences (Thabane), McMaster University, Hamilton, Ont.; Department of Medicine (Guyatt), McMaster University, Hamilton, Ont.
Ignacio Neumann
Department of Anesthesia and Pain Medicine (Johnston, Crawford), The Hospital for Sick Children, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ont.; Institute of Health Policy, Management and Evaluation (Johnston), Dalla Lana School of Public Health, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ont.; Child Health Evaluative Sciences (Johnston), The Hospital for Sick Children Research Institute, Toronto, Ont.; Iberoamerican Cochrane Center (Alonso-Coello, Dalmau), Biomedical Research Institute Sant Pau, CIBER Epidemiologiay Salud Publica, Barcelona, Spain; Departments of Critical Care and Medicine (Friedrich), St. Michael’s Hospital, Toronto, Ont.; Department of Medicine and Interdepartmental Division of Critical Care (Friedrich), University of Toronto, Toronto, Ont.; Departments of Medicine and Biomedical and Health Informatics (Mustafa), University of Missouri–Kansas City, Kansas City, Mo.; Department of Clinical Epidemiology and Biostatistics (Mustafa, Tikkinen, Neumann, Akl, Thabane, Guyatt), McMaster University, Hamilton, Ont.; Departments of Urology and Public Health (Tikkinen), Helsinki University Central Hospital and University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland; Department of Internal Medicine (Neumann), Pontificia Universidad Catolica de Chile, Santiago, Chile; Institute of Health and Society (Vandvik), Faculty of Medicine, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway; Department of Medicine (Vandvik), Innlandet Hospital Trust, Division Gjövik, Norway; Clinical Epidemiology Unit (Akl), American University of Beirut, Beirut, Lebanon; Institute of Primary Health Care (da Costa), University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland; Department of Critical Care Medicine and Sunnybrook Research Institute (Adhikari), Sunnybrook Health Sciences Centre, Toronto, Ont.; Interdepartmental Division of Critical Care (Adhikari), University of Toronto, Toronto, Ont.; School of Medicine and Centre for General Practice (Kosunen), University of Tampere and Pirkanmaa Hospital District, Tampere, Finland; School of Medicine and Department of Internal Medicine (Mustonen), University of Tampere and Tampere University Hospital, Tampere, Finland; Physiology and Experimental Medicine (Crawford), The Hospital for Sick Children Research Institute, Toronto, Ont.; Biostatistics Unit of the Centre for Evaluation of Medicines (Thabane), McMaster University, Hamilton, Ont.; Population Health Research Unit, Hamilton Health Sciences (Thabane), McMaster University, Hamilton, Ont.; Department of Medicine (Guyatt), McMaster University, Hamilton, Ont.
Per O. Vandvik
Department of Anesthesia and Pain Medicine (Johnston, Crawford), The Hospital for Sick Children, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ont.; Institute of Health Policy, Management and Evaluation (Johnston), Dalla Lana School of Public Health, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ont.; Child Health Evaluative Sciences (Johnston), The Hospital for Sick Children Research Institute, Toronto, Ont.; Iberoamerican Cochrane Center (Alonso-Coello, Dalmau), Biomedical Research Institute Sant Pau, CIBER Epidemiologiay Salud Publica, Barcelona, Spain; Departments of Critical Care and Medicine (Friedrich), St. Michael’s Hospital, Toronto, Ont.; Department of Medicine and Interdepartmental Division of Critical Care (Friedrich), University of Toronto, Toronto, Ont.; Departments of Medicine and Biomedical and Health Informatics (Mustafa), University of Missouri–Kansas City, Kansas City, Mo.; Department of Clinical Epidemiology and Biostatistics (Mustafa, Tikkinen, Neumann, Akl, Thabane, Guyatt), McMaster University, Hamilton, Ont.; Departments of Urology and Public Health (Tikkinen), Helsinki University Central Hospital and University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland; Department of Internal Medicine (Neumann), Pontificia Universidad Catolica de Chile, Santiago, Chile; Institute of Health and Society (Vandvik), Faculty of Medicine, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway; Department of Medicine (Vandvik), Innlandet Hospital Trust, Division Gjövik, Norway; Clinical Epidemiology Unit (Akl), American University of Beirut, Beirut, Lebanon; Institute of Primary Health Care (da Costa), University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland; Department of Critical Care Medicine and Sunnybrook Research Institute (Adhikari), Sunnybrook Health Sciences Centre, Toronto, Ont.; Interdepartmental Division of Critical Care (Adhikari), University of Toronto, Toronto, Ont.; School of Medicine and Centre for General Practice (Kosunen), University of Tampere and Pirkanmaa Hospital District, Tampere, Finland; School of Medicine and Department of Internal Medicine (Mustonen), University of Tampere and Tampere University Hospital, Tampere, Finland; Physiology and Experimental Medicine (Crawford), The Hospital for Sick Children Research Institute, Toronto, Ont.; Biostatistics Unit of the Centre for Evaluation of Medicines (Thabane), McMaster University, Hamilton, Ont.; Population Health Research Unit, Hamilton Health Sciences (Thabane), McMaster University, Hamilton, Ont.; Department of Medicine (Guyatt), McMaster University, Hamilton, Ont.
Elie A. Akl
Department of Anesthesia and Pain Medicine (Johnston, Crawford), The Hospital for Sick Children, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ont.; Institute of Health Policy, Management and Evaluation (Johnston), Dalla Lana School of Public Health, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ont.; Child Health Evaluative Sciences (Johnston), The Hospital for Sick Children Research Institute, Toronto, Ont.; Iberoamerican Cochrane Center (Alonso-Coello, Dalmau), Biomedical Research Institute Sant Pau, CIBER Epidemiologiay Salud Publica, Barcelona, Spain; Departments of Critical Care and Medicine (Friedrich), St. Michael’s Hospital, Toronto, Ont.; Department of Medicine and Interdepartmental Division of Critical Care (Friedrich), University of Toronto, Toronto, Ont.; Departments of Medicine and Biomedical and Health Informatics (Mustafa), University of Missouri–Kansas City, Kansas City, Mo.; Department of Clinical Epidemiology and Biostatistics (Mustafa, Tikkinen, Neumann, Akl, Thabane, Guyatt), McMaster University, Hamilton, Ont.; Departments of Urology and Public Health (Tikkinen), Helsinki University Central Hospital and University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland; Department of Internal Medicine (Neumann), Pontificia Universidad Catolica de Chile, Santiago, Chile; Institute of Health and Society (Vandvik), Faculty of Medicine, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway; Department of Medicine (Vandvik), Innlandet Hospital Trust, Division Gjövik, Norway; Clinical Epidemiology Unit (Akl), American University of Beirut, Beirut, Lebanon; Institute of Primary Health Care (da Costa), University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland; Department of Critical Care Medicine and Sunnybrook Research Institute (Adhikari), Sunnybrook Health Sciences Centre, Toronto, Ont.; Interdepartmental Division of Critical Care (Adhikari), University of Toronto, Toronto, Ont.; School of Medicine and Centre for General Practice (Kosunen), University of Tampere and Pirkanmaa Hospital District, Tampere, Finland; School of Medicine and Department of Internal Medicine (Mustonen), University of Tampere and Tampere University Hospital, Tampere, Finland; Physiology and Experimental Medicine (Crawford), The Hospital for Sick Children Research Institute, Toronto, Ont.; Biostatistics Unit of the Centre for Evaluation of Medicines (Thabane), McMaster University, Hamilton, Ont.; Population Health Research Unit, Hamilton Health Sciences (Thabane), McMaster University, Hamilton, Ont.; Department of Medicine (Guyatt), McMaster University, Hamilton, Ont.
Bruno R. da Costa
Department of Anesthesia and Pain Medicine (Johnston, Crawford), The Hospital for Sick Children, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ont.; Institute of Health Policy, Management and Evaluation (Johnston), Dalla Lana School of Public Health, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ont.; Child Health Evaluative Sciences (Johnston), The Hospital for Sick Children Research Institute, Toronto, Ont.; Iberoamerican Cochrane Center (Alonso-Coello, Dalmau), Biomedical Research Institute Sant Pau, CIBER Epidemiologiay Salud Publica, Barcelona, Spain; Departments of Critical Care and Medicine (Friedrich), St. Michael’s Hospital, Toronto, Ont.; Department of Medicine and Interdepartmental Division of Critical Care (Friedrich), University of Toronto, Toronto, Ont.; Departments of Medicine and Biomedical and Health Informatics (Mustafa), University of Missouri–Kansas City, Kansas City, Mo.; Department of Clinical Epidemiology and Biostatistics (Mustafa, Tikkinen, Neumann, Akl, Thabane, Guyatt), McMaster University, Hamilton, Ont.; Departments of Urology and Public Health (Tikkinen), Helsinki University Central Hospital and University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland; Department of Internal Medicine (Neumann), Pontificia Universidad Catolica de Chile, Santiago, Chile; Institute of Health and Society (Vandvik), Faculty of Medicine, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway; Department of Medicine (Vandvik), Innlandet Hospital Trust, Division Gjövik, Norway; Clinical Epidemiology Unit (Akl), American University of Beirut, Beirut, Lebanon; Institute of Primary Health Care (da Costa), University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland; Department of Critical Care Medicine and Sunnybrook Research Institute (Adhikari), Sunnybrook Health Sciences Centre, Toronto, Ont.; Interdepartmental Division of Critical Care (Adhikari), University of Toronto, Toronto, Ont.; School of Medicine and Centre for General Practice (Kosunen), University of Tampere and Pirkanmaa Hospital District, Tampere, Finland; School of Medicine and Department of Internal Medicine (Mustonen), University of Tampere and Tampere University Hospital, Tampere, Finland; Physiology and Experimental Medicine (Crawford), The Hospital for Sick Children Research Institute, Toronto, Ont.; Biostatistics Unit of the Centre for Evaluation of Medicines (Thabane), McMaster University, Hamilton, Ont.; Population Health Research Unit, Hamilton Health Sciences (Thabane), McMaster University, Hamilton, Ont.; Department of Medicine (Guyatt), McMaster University, Hamilton, Ont.
Neill K. Adhikari
Department of Anesthesia and Pain Medicine (Johnston, Crawford), The Hospital for Sick Children, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ont.; Institute of Health Policy, Management and Evaluation (Johnston), Dalla Lana School of Public Health, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ont.; Child Health Evaluative Sciences (Johnston), The Hospital for Sick Children Research Institute, Toronto, Ont.; Iberoamerican Cochrane Center (Alonso-Coello, Dalmau), Biomedical Research Institute Sant Pau, CIBER Epidemiologiay Salud Publica, Barcelona, Spain; Departments of Critical Care and Medicine (Friedrich), St. Michael’s Hospital, Toronto, Ont.; Department of Medicine and Interdepartmental Division of Critical Care (Friedrich), University of Toronto, Toronto, Ont.; Departments of Medicine and Biomedical and Health Informatics (Mustafa), University of Missouri–Kansas City, Kansas City, Mo.; Department of Clinical Epidemiology and Biostatistics (Mustafa, Tikkinen, Neumann, Akl, Thabane, Guyatt), McMaster University, Hamilton, Ont.; Departments of Urology and Public Health (Tikkinen), Helsinki University Central Hospital and University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland; Department of Internal Medicine (Neumann), Pontificia Universidad Catolica de Chile, Santiago, Chile; Institute of Health and Society (Vandvik), Faculty of Medicine, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway; Department of Medicine (Vandvik), Innlandet Hospital Trust, Division Gjövik, Norway; Clinical Epidemiology Unit (Akl), American University of Beirut, Beirut, Lebanon; Institute of Primary Health Care (da Costa), University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland; Department of Critical Care Medicine and Sunnybrook Research Institute (Adhikari), Sunnybrook Health Sciences Centre, Toronto, Ont.; Interdepartmental Division of Critical Care (Adhikari), University of Toronto, Toronto, Ont.; School of Medicine and Centre for General Practice (Kosunen), University of Tampere and Pirkanmaa Hospital District, Tampere, Finland; School of Medicine and Department of Internal Medicine (Mustonen), University of Tampere and Tampere University Hospital, Tampere, Finland; Physiology and Experimental Medicine (Crawford), The Hospital for Sick Children Research Institute, Toronto, Ont.; Biostatistics Unit of the Centre for Evaluation of Medicines (Thabane), McMaster University, Hamilton, Ont.; Population Health Research Unit, Hamilton Health Sciences (Thabane), McMaster University, Hamilton, Ont.; Department of Medicine (Guyatt), McMaster University, Hamilton, Ont.
Gemma Mas Dalmau
Department of Anesthesia and Pain Medicine (Johnston, Crawford), The Hospital for Sick Children, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ont.; Institute of Health Policy, Management and Evaluation (Johnston), Dalla Lana School of Public Health, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ont.; Child Health Evaluative Sciences (Johnston), The Hospital for Sick Children Research Institute, Toronto, Ont.; Iberoamerican Cochrane Center (Alonso-Coello, Dalmau), Biomedical Research Institute Sant Pau, CIBER Epidemiologiay Salud Publica, Barcelona, Spain; Departments of Critical Care and Medicine (Friedrich), St. Michael’s Hospital, Toronto, Ont.; Department of Medicine and Interdepartmental Division of Critical Care (Friedrich), University of Toronto, Toronto, Ont.; Departments of Medicine and Biomedical and Health Informatics (Mustafa), University of Missouri–Kansas City, Kansas City, Mo.; Department of Clinical Epidemiology and Biostatistics (Mustafa, Tikkinen, Neumann, Akl, Thabane, Guyatt), McMaster University, Hamilton, Ont.; Departments of Urology and Public Health (Tikkinen), Helsinki University Central Hospital and University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland; Department of Internal Medicine (Neumann), Pontificia Universidad Catolica de Chile, Santiago, Chile; Institute of Health and Society (Vandvik), Faculty of Medicine, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway; Department of Medicine (Vandvik), Innlandet Hospital Trust, Division Gjövik, Norway; Clinical Epidemiology Unit (Akl), American University of Beirut, Beirut, Lebanon; Institute of Primary Health Care (da Costa), University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland; Department of Critical Care Medicine and Sunnybrook Research Institute (Adhikari), Sunnybrook Health Sciences Centre, Toronto, Ont.; Interdepartmental Division of Critical Care (Adhikari), University of Toronto, Toronto, Ont.; School of Medicine and Centre for General Practice (Kosunen), University of Tampere and Pirkanmaa Hospital District, Tampere, Finland; School of Medicine and Department of Internal Medicine (Mustonen), University of Tampere and Tampere University Hospital, Tampere, Finland; Physiology and Experimental Medicine (Crawford), The Hospital for Sick Children Research Institute, Toronto, Ont.; Biostatistics Unit of the Centre for Evaluation of Medicines (Thabane), McMaster University, Hamilton, Ont.; Population Health Research Unit, Hamilton Health Sciences (Thabane), McMaster University, Hamilton, Ont.; Department of Medicine (Guyatt), McMaster University, Hamilton, Ont.
Elise Kosunen
Department of Anesthesia and Pain Medicine (Johnston, Crawford), The Hospital for Sick Children, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ont.; Institute of Health Policy, Management and Evaluation (Johnston), Dalla Lana School of Public Health, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ont.; Child Health Evaluative Sciences (Johnston), The Hospital for Sick Children Research Institute, Toronto, Ont.; Iberoamerican Cochrane Center (Alonso-Coello, Dalmau), Biomedical Research Institute Sant Pau, CIBER Epidemiologiay Salud Publica, Barcelona, Spain; Departments of Critical Care and Medicine (Friedrich), St. Michael’s Hospital, Toronto, Ont.; Department of Medicine and Interdepartmental Division of Critical Care (Friedrich), University of Toronto, Toronto, Ont.; Departments of Medicine and Biomedical and Health Informatics (Mustafa), University of Missouri–Kansas City, Kansas City, Mo.; Department of Clinical Epidemiology and Biostatistics (Mustafa, Tikkinen, Neumann, Akl, Thabane, Guyatt), McMaster University, Hamilton, Ont.; Departments of Urology and Public Health (Tikkinen), Helsinki University Central Hospital and University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland; Department of Internal Medicine (Neumann), Pontificia Universidad Catolica de Chile, Santiago, Chile; Institute of Health and Society (Vandvik), Faculty of Medicine, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway; Department of Medicine (Vandvik), Innlandet Hospital Trust, Division Gjövik, Norway; Clinical Epidemiology Unit (Akl), American University of Beirut, Beirut, Lebanon; Institute of Primary Health Care (da Costa), University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland; Department of Critical Care Medicine and Sunnybrook Research Institute (Adhikari), Sunnybrook Health Sciences Centre, Toronto, Ont.; Interdepartmental Division of Critical Care (Adhikari), University of Toronto, Toronto, Ont.; School of Medicine and Centre for General Practice (Kosunen), University of Tampere and Pirkanmaa Hospital District, Tampere, Finland; School of Medicine and Department of Internal Medicine (Mustonen), University of Tampere and Tampere University Hospital, Tampere, Finland; Physiology and Experimental Medicine (Crawford), The Hospital for Sick Children Research Institute, Toronto, Ont.; Biostatistics Unit of the Centre for Evaluation of Medicines (Thabane), McMaster University, Hamilton, Ont.; Population Health Research Unit, Hamilton Health Sciences (Thabane), McMaster University, Hamilton, Ont.; Department of Medicine (Guyatt), McMaster University, Hamilton, Ont.
Jukka Mustonen
Department of Anesthesia and Pain Medicine (Johnston, Crawford), The Hospital for Sick Children, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ont.; Institute of Health Policy, Management and Evaluation (Johnston), Dalla Lana School of Public Health, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ont.; Child Health Evaluative Sciences (Johnston), The Hospital for Sick Children Research Institute, Toronto, Ont.; Iberoamerican Cochrane Center (Alonso-Coello, Dalmau), Biomedical Research Institute Sant Pau, CIBER Epidemiologiay Salud Publica, Barcelona, Spain; Departments of Critical Care and Medicine (Friedrich), St. Michael’s Hospital, Toronto, Ont.; Department of Medicine and Interdepartmental Division of Critical Care (Friedrich), University of Toronto, Toronto, Ont.; Departments of Medicine and Biomedical and Health Informatics (Mustafa), University of Missouri–Kansas City, Kansas City, Mo.; Department of Clinical Epidemiology and Biostatistics (Mustafa, Tikkinen, Neumann, Akl, Thabane, Guyatt), McMaster University, Hamilton, Ont.; Departments of Urology and Public Health (Tikkinen), Helsinki University Central Hospital and University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland; Department of Internal Medicine (Neumann), Pontificia Universidad Catolica de Chile, Santiago, Chile; Institute of Health and Society (Vandvik), Faculty of Medicine, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway; Department of Medicine (Vandvik), Innlandet Hospital Trust, Division Gjövik, Norway; Clinical Epidemiology Unit (Akl), American University of Beirut, Beirut, Lebanon; Institute of Primary Health Care (da Costa), University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland; Department of Critical Care Medicine and Sunnybrook Research Institute (Adhikari), Sunnybrook Health Sciences Centre, Toronto, Ont.; Interdepartmental Division of Critical Care (Adhikari), University of Toronto, Toronto, Ont.; School of Medicine and Centre for General Practice (Kosunen), University of Tampere and Pirkanmaa Hospital District, Tampere, Finland; School of Medicine and Department of Internal Medicine (Mustonen), University of Tampere and Tampere University Hospital, Tampere, Finland; Physiology and Experimental Medicine (Crawford), The Hospital for Sick Children Research Institute, Toronto, Ont.; Biostatistics Unit of the Centre for Evaluation of Medicines (Thabane), McMaster University, Hamilton, Ont.; Population Health Research Unit, Hamilton Health Sciences (Thabane), McMaster University, Hamilton, Ont.; Department of Medicine (Guyatt), McMaster University, Hamilton, Ont.
Mark W. Crawford
Department of Anesthesia and Pain Medicine (Johnston, Crawford), The Hospital for Sick Children, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ont.; Institute of Health Policy, Management and Evaluation (Johnston), Dalla Lana School of Public Health, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ont.; Child Health Evaluative Sciences (Johnston), The Hospital for Sick Children Research Institute, Toronto, Ont.; Iberoamerican Cochrane Center (Alonso-Coello, Dalmau), Biomedical Research Institute Sant Pau, CIBER Epidemiologiay Salud Publica, Barcelona, Spain; Departments of Critical Care and Medicine (Friedrich), St. Michael’s Hospital, Toronto, Ont.; Department of Medicine and Interdepartmental Division of Critical Care (Friedrich), University of Toronto, Toronto, Ont.; Departments of Medicine and Biomedical and Health Informatics (Mustafa), University of Missouri–Kansas City, Kansas City, Mo.; Department of Clinical Epidemiology and Biostatistics (Mustafa, Tikkinen, Neumann, Akl, Thabane, Guyatt), McMaster University, Hamilton, Ont.; Departments of Urology and Public Health (Tikkinen), Helsinki University Central Hospital and University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland; Department of Internal Medicine (Neumann), Pontificia Universidad Catolica de Chile, Santiago, Chile; Institute of Health and Society (Vandvik), Faculty of Medicine, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway; Department of Medicine (Vandvik), Innlandet Hospital Trust, Division Gjövik, Norway; Clinical Epidemiology Unit (Akl), American University of Beirut, Beirut, Lebanon; Institute of Primary Health Care (da Costa), University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland; Department of Critical Care Medicine and Sunnybrook Research Institute (Adhikari), Sunnybrook Health Sciences Centre, Toronto, Ont.; Interdepartmental Division of Critical Care (Adhikari), University of Toronto, Toronto, Ont.; School of Medicine and Centre for General Practice (Kosunen), University of Tampere and Pirkanmaa Hospital District, Tampere, Finland; School of Medicine and Department of Internal Medicine (Mustonen), University of Tampere and Tampere University Hospital, Tampere, Finland; Physiology and Experimental Medicine (Crawford), The Hospital for Sick Children Research Institute, Toronto, Ont.; Biostatistics Unit of the Centre for Evaluation of Medicines (Thabane), McMaster University, Hamilton, Ont.; Population Health Research Unit, Hamilton Health Sciences (Thabane), McMaster University, Hamilton, Ont.; Department of Medicine (Guyatt), McMaster University, Hamilton, Ont.
Lehana Thabane
Department of Anesthesia and Pain Medicine (Johnston, Crawford), The Hospital for Sick Children, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ont.; Institute of Health Policy, Management and Evaluation (Johnston), Dalla Lana School of Public Health, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ont.; Child Health Evaluative Sciences (Johnston), The Hospital for Sick Children Research Institute, Toronto, Ont.; Iberoamerican Cochrane Center (Alonso-Coello, Dalmau), Biomedical Research Institute Sant Pau, CIBER Epidemiologiay Salud Publica, Barcelona, Spain; Departments of Critical Care and Medicine (Friedrich), St. Michael’s Hospital, Toronto, Ont.; Department of Medicine and Interdepartmental Division of Critical Care (Friedrich), University of Toronto, Toronto, Ont.; Departments of Medicine and Biomedical and Health Informatics (Mustafa), University of Missouri–Kansas City, Kansas City, Mo.; Department of Clinical Epidemiology and Biostatistics (Mustafa, Tikkinen, Neumann, Akl, Thabane, Guyatt), McMaster University, Hamilton, Ont.; Departments of Urology and Public Health (Tikkinen), Helsinki University Central Hospital and University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland; Department of Internal Medicine (Neumann), Pontificia Universidad Catolica de Chile, Santiago, Chile; Institute of Health and Society (Vandvik), Faculty of Medicine, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway; Department of Medicine (Vandvik), Innlandet Hospital Trust, Division Gjövik, Norway; Clinical Epidemiology Unit (Akl), American University of Beirut, Beirut, Lebanon; Institute of Primary Health Care (da Costa), University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland; Department of Critical Care Medicine and Sunnybrook Research Institute (Adhikari), Sunnybrook Health Sciences Centre, Toronto, Ont.; Interdepartmental Division of Critical Care (Adhikari), University of Toronto, Toronto, Ont.; School of Medicine and Centre for General Practice (Kosunen), University of Tampere and Pirkanmaa Hospital District, Tampere, Finland; School of Medicine and Department of Internal Medicine (Mustonen), University of Tampere and Tampere University Hospital, Tampere, Finland; Physiology and Experimental Medicine (Crawford), The Hospital for Sick Children Research Institute, Toronto, Ont.; Biostatistics Unit of the Centre for Evaluation of Medicines (Thabane), McMaster University, Hamilton, Ont.; Population Health Research Unit, Hamilton Health Sciences (Thabane), McMaster University, Hamilton, Ont.; Department of Medicine (Guyatt), McMaster University, Hamilton, Ont.
Gordon H. Guyatt
Department of Anesthesia and Pain Medicine (Johnston, Crawford), The Hospital for Sick Children, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ont.; Institute of Health Policy, Management and Evaluation (Johnston), Dalla Lana School of Public Health, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ont.; Child Health Evaluative Sciences (Johnston), The Hospital for Sick Children Research Institute, Toronto, Ont.; Iberoamerican Cochrane Center (Alonso-Coello, Dalmau), Biomedical Research Institute Sant Pau, CIBER Epidemiologiay Salud Publica, Barcelona, Spain; Departments of Critical Care and Medicine (Friedrich), St. Michael’s Hospital, Toronto, Ont.; Department of Medicine and Interdepartmental Division of Critical Care (Friedrich), University of Toronto, Toronto, Ont.; Departments of Medicine and Biomedical and Health Informatics (Mustafa), University of Missouri–Kansas City, Kansas City, Mo.; Department of Clinical Epidemiology and Biostatistics (Mustafa, Tikkinen, Neumann, Akl, Thabane, Guyatt), McMaster University, Hamilton, Ont.; Departments of Urology and Public Health (Tikkinen), Helsinki University Central Hospital and University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland; Department of Internal Medicine (Neumann), Pontificia Universidad Catolica de Chile, Santiago, Chile; Institute of Health and Society (Vandvik), Faculty of Medicine, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway; Department of Medicine (Vandvik), Innlandet Hospital Trust, Division Gjövik, Norway; Clinical Epidemiology Unit (Akl), American University of Beirut, Beirut, Lebanon; Institute of Primary Health Care (da Costa), University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland; Department of Critical Care Medicine and Sunnybrook Research Institute (Adhikari), Sunnybrook Health Sciences Centre, Toronto, Ont.; Interdepartmental Division of Critical Care (Adhikari), University of Toronto, Toronto, Ont.; School of Medicine and Centre for General Practice (Kosunen), University of Tampere and Pirkanmaa Hospital District, Tampere, Finland; School of Medicine and Department of Internal Medicine (Mustonen), University of Tampere and Tampere University Hospital, Tampere, Finland; Physiology and Experimental Medicine (Crawford), The Hospital for Sick Children Research Institute, Toronto, Ont.; Biostatistics Unit of the Centre for Evaluation of Medicines (Thabane), McMaster University, Hamilton, Ont.; Population Health Research Unit, Hamilton Health Sciences (Thabane), McMaster University, Hamilton, Ont.; Department of Medicine (Guyatt), McMaster University, Hamilton, Ont.
Data supplements
Online Appendices
- Appendix 1: Six statistical presentation approaches
- Appendix 2: Summary and rationale for small and large treatment effects
- Appendix 3: Full Survey - Small treatment effects
- Appendix 4: Answer key for understanding (small treatment effects)
- Appendix 5: Association between understanding and presented effect size, n = 531
- Appendix 6: Factors associated with perceived usefulness, n = 531
- Appendix 7: Association between perceived usefulness and size of presented effect, n = 531
Related Articles
- Bartlett, G., & Gagnon, J. (2016). Physicians and knowledge translation of statistics: Mind the gap. CMAJ, 188(1), 11-12. Accessed February 03, 2023. https://doi.org/10.1503/cmaj.151254.
- (2016). Highlights. CMAJ, 188(1), 5. Accessed February 03, 2023. Retrieved from http://www.cmaj.ca/content/188/1/5.
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Do clinicians understand the size of treatment effects? A randomized survey across 8 countries
Bradley C. Johnston, Pablo Alonso-Coello, Jan O. Friedrich, Reem A. Mustafa, Kari A.O. Tikkinen, Ignacio Neumann, Per O. Vandvik, Elie A. Akl, Bruno R. da Costa, Neill K. Adhikari, Gemma Mas Dalmau, Elise Kosunen, Jukka Mustonen, Mark W. Crawford, Lehana Thabane, Gordon H. Guyatt
CMAJ Jan 2016, 188 (1) 25-32; DOI: 10.1503/cmaj.150430
Do clinicians understand the size of treatment effects? A randomized survey across 8 countries
Bradley C. Johnston, Pablo Alonso-Coello, Jan O. Friedrich, Reem A. Mustafa, Kari A.O. Tikkinen, Ignacio Neumann, Per O. Vandvik, Elie A. Akl, Bruno R. da Costa, Neill K. Adhikari, Gemma Mas Dalmau, Elise Kosunen, Jukka Mustonen, Mark W. Crawford, Lehana Thabane, Gordon H. Guyatt
CMAJ Jan 2016, 188 (1) 25-32; DOI: 10.1503/cmaj.150430
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