Article Figures & Tables
Figures
- Figure 1:
Selection of patients for the study.
- Figure 2:
Unadjusted association between consumption of non–cow’s milk beverages and serum 25-hydroxyvitamin D (25[OH]D) levels among children 1 to 6 years of age.
- Figure 3:
Adjusted* association between total consumption of non–cow’s milk beverages and serum 25(OH)D (25-hydroxyvitamin D) levels among children drinking only non–cow’s milk and among those drinking both non–cow’s milk and cow’s milk products. *Adjusted for age, sex, body mass index z score, vitamin D supplementation, margarine consumption, level of skin pigmentation, outdoor play time, season, and cow’s milk consumption as an effect modifier. Screened areas = 95% confidence intervals.
- Figure 4:
Adjusted* association between daily consumption of non–cow’s milk beverages and daily consumption of cow’s milk. *Adjusted for age and sex.
Tables
- Table 1:
Baseline characteristics of children who participated in the study and nonparticipants
Characteristic Participants n = 2831* Nonparticipants
n = 1692Only cow’s milk
n = 1950Only non–cow’s milk
n = 146Both
n = 157Neither
n = 215Age, yr, mean ± SD 3.0 ± 1.4 2.9 ± 1.5 3.3 ± 1.3 1.7 ± 1.2 2.7 ± 1.5 Sex, male, no. (%) 1025 (52.6) 76 (52.1) 88 (56.1) 109 (50.7) 850 (50.2) BMI z score, median (IQR) 0.23 (−0.44 to 0.88) 0.10 (−0.70 to 0.58) 0.32 (−0.34 to 0.84) −0.11 (−0.90 to 0.51) 0.19 (−0.48 to 0.88) No. of cups† per day, mean ± SD Non–cow’s milk – 1.8 ± 1.1 1.1 ± 0.8 – 0.2 ± 0.6 Cow’s milk 2.0 ± 1.1 – 1.7 ± 1.1 – 1.7 ± 1.2 Margarine consumption, no. (%) 587 (30.1) 22 (15.1) 43 (27.4) 35 (16.3) 336 (19.9) Vitamin D supplementation, no. (%) 1020 (52.3) 92 (63.0) 93 (59.2) 123 (57.2) 600 (35.5) Skin pigmentation,‡ no. (%) Light (type I or II) 1003 (51.4) 68 (46.6) 83 (52.9) 97 (45.1) 592 (35.0) Medium (type III or IV) 766 (39.3) 68 (46.6) 63 (40.1) 92 (42.8) 855 (50.5) Dark (type V or VI) 107 (5.5) 9 (6.2) 6 (3.8) 17 (7.9) 66 (3.9) Outdoor play, h/wk, mean ± SD 5.0 ± 2.3 5.1 ± 2.1 5.2 ± 2.2 4.5 ± 2.5 4.6 ± 2.4 Serum 25(OH)D level, nmol/L, median (IQR) 81 (67 to 100) 78 (62 to 96) 76 (63 to 93) 74 (61 to 98) NA Serum 25(OH)D level < 50 nmol/L, no. (%) 92 (4.7) 16 (11.0) 11 (7.0) 16 (7.4) NA Variable Unadjusted analysis p value‡ Adjusted analysis* p value‡ % change in 25(OH)D level (95% CI) Change in median 25(OH)D level,† nmol/L (95% CI) % change in 25(OH)D level (95% CI) Change in median 25(OH)D level,† nmol/L (95% CI) Daily consumption of non–cow’s milk (per cup§) Drinks cow’s milk −4.7 (−8.4 to −0.8) −4.7 (−6.7 to −0.6) 0.02 −5.1 (−8.9 to −1.4) −4.2 (−7.1 to −1.1) 0.008 Does not drink cow’s milk −0.3 (−3.3 to 2.8) −0.2 (2.8 to 2.2) 1.2 0.1 (−2.9 to 3.2) 0.09 (−2.3 to 2.5) 0.9 Age (per additional year) −0.2 (−1.1 to 0.7) −0.2 (−0.9 to 0.5) 0.6 −0.8 (−1.7 to 0.1) −0.6 (−1.3 to 0.1) 0.09 Sex (male v. female) −0.04 (−2.6 to 2.6) −0.03 (−2.1 to 2.1) > 0.9 0.1 (−2.4 to 2.7) 0.1 (−1.9 to 2.1) 0.9 BMI z score −0.2 (−1.5 to 1.0) −0.2 (−1.2 to 0.8) 0.7 −0.02 (−1.3 to 1.2) −0.02 (−1.0 to 0.99) > 0.9 Cow’s milk consumption (no v. yes) −6.4 (−9.9 to −2.7) −5.1 (−7.9 to −2.2) < 0.001 −8.1 (−12.2 to −3.4) −6.5 (−9.8 to −3.0) < 0.001 Margarine consumption (no v. yes) −0.9 (−3.7 to 2.0) −0.7 (−3.0 to 1.6) 0.6 −1.3 (−4.2 to 1.6) −1.1 (−3.3 to 1.3) 0.4 Vitamin D supplementation (yes v. no) 8.5 (5.7 to 11.3) 6.8 (4.6 to 9.1) < 0.001 8.9 (6.2 to 11.8) 7.2 (4.9 to 9.4) < 0.001 Skin pigmentation (v. type III or IV) Light (type I or II) 1.8 (−0.9 to 4.6) 1.5 (−0.7 to 3.7) 0.2 1.3 (−1.4 to 4.1) 1.0 (−1.1 to 3.3) 0.4 Dark (type V or VI) −14.0 (−18.6 to −9.0) −14.0 (−14.9 to 7.2) < 0.001 −14.0 (−18.7 to −9.2) −14.0 (−15.0 to −7.4) < 0.001 Seasonal effect¶ Sine function 1.3 (−0.5 to 3.1) 1.0 (−1.2 to 0.3) 0.2 0.4 (−1.4 to 2.3) 0.3 (−1.1 to 1.8) 0.6 Cosine function −4.3 (−6.0 to −2.5) −3.4 (−4.8 to −2.0) < 0.001 −4.7 (−6.6 to −2.8) −3.8 (−5.3 to −2.3) < 0.001 Outdoor play (per additional hour) 0.7 (0.2 to 1.3) 0.6 (0.1 to 1.0) 0.01 0.2 (−0.4 to 0.8) 0.1 (−0.3 to 0.6) 0.6 Note: 25(OH)D = 25-hydroxyvitamin D, CI = confidence interval, SD = standard deviation.
↵* Adjusted for all other variables in the table.
↵† Median level = 80.0 nmol/L.
↵‡ p values (t test) represent significance of % change in 25(OH)D level.
↵§ 1 cup = 250 mL.
↵¶ The seasonal amplitude was 10% and peaked on June 26. Seasonal effect was tested using a likelihood ratio test and was statistically significant (p < 0.001).
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