Article Figures & Tables
Tables
Characteristic Weighted prevalence or mean estimate† (95% CI) Age, yr, mean 44.7 (44.5–44.9) Age group, yr, % 18–39 39.5 (38.9–40.0) 40–64 47.9 (46.5–49.2) ≥ 65 12.7 (11.7–13.8) Sex, % Male 49.8 (49.4–50.2) Female 50.2 (49.8–50.6) Ethnicity,‡ % White 82.4 (73.0–89.0) Asian§ 9.9 (5.3–17.7) Other§ 4.8 (2.7–8.5) Unknown 2.9 (2.0–4.1) Education level, % Less than secondary school 12.8 (10.3–15.8) Secondary school or graduate 18.9 (14.7–23.8) Other postsecondary 9.4 (7.4–11.9) Postsecondary graduate 59.0 (50.5–67.0) Income adequacy group, % Lowest 5.1 (3.4–7.5) Lower middle 14.4 (12.4–16.6) Upper middle 32.7 (29.7–35.8) Highest 47.9 (43.2–52.6) Body mass index, mean 27.1 (26.7–27.6) Physical activity,¶ % Active 20.5 (16.8–24.9) Moderate 24.7 (21.8–27.8) Inactive 54.8 (48.2–61.2) Smoking status, % Daily smoker** 21.8 (19.2–24.6) Former daily smoker** 27.9 (24.8–31.2) Never smoked 50.3 (47.0–53.6) Has a family doctor,†† % Yes 84.2 (80.8–87.1) No 15.8 (12.9–19.2) Note: CI = confidence interval.
↵* Unweighted number of participants aged 18–79 years (excluding 32 pregnant participants).
↵† Weighted prevalence and mean estimates were calculated with the use of sampling weights provided by Statistics Canada that accounted for representativeness and nonresponse.
↵‡ Ethnicity was collapsed into 3 groups: white, Asian (Korean, Filipino, Japanese, Chinese, South Asian, Southeast Asian, Arab and West Asian) and other (black, Latin American and mixed).
↵§ Coefficient of variation (CV) > 25% and < 30% (all other CV values < 16%).
↵¶ Characterized using a measure of the average daily energy expended during leisure activities reported by the respondent in the past 3 months, as described elsewhere. (19)
↵** Daily smoker = respondents who reported smoking daily and those who reported smoking occasionally but who were former daily smokers; former daily smokers = respondents who reported being nonsmokers but who were former daily smokers. Occasional smokers (n = 57) were not included in the calculation of smoking status owing to small numbers. Smoking exposure (average number of pack-years) was 20.7 for daily smokers and 14.0 for former daily smokers. The average time since quitting among former daily smokers was 15.9 years.
↵†† The concept of having a family doctor was captured by asking participants if they had a “regular” medical doctor.
Group; stage of chronic kidney disease*† No. of participants‡ Weighted prevalence,§ % (95% CI) All (CKD-EPI equation)¶ (n = 3589) Normal 3073 87.4 (85.6–89.1) Stage 1 or 2 353 9.4 (7.9–11.3) Stages 3–5 163 3.1 (2.4–3.9) All (MDRD equation)** (n = 3591) Normal 3028 86.6 (84.7–88.3) Stage 1 or 2 350 9.4 (7.8–11.2) Stages 3–5 213 4.0 (3.1–5.1) Men (n = 1698) Normal 1436 87.6 (85.1–89.7) Stage 1 or 2 185 9.6 (7.8–11.9) Stages 3–5 77 2.8 (2.1–3.8) Women (n = 1891) Normal 1637 87.3 (85.3–89.1) Stage 1 or 2 168 9.3 (7.5–11.5) Stages 3–5 86 3.4 (2.3–4.9) All, age 18–40 yr (n =1314) Normal 1181 90.2 (87.8–92.2) Stage 1 or 2 131 9.6 (7.6–11.9) Stages 3–5 2 NA‡‡ All, age 40–64 yr (n = 1593) Normal 1428 90.0 (87.2–92.3) Stage 1 or 2 138 8.6 (6.6–11.2) Stages 3–5 27 1.3 (0.7–2.7)§§ All, age ≥ 65 yr (n = 682) Normal 464 69.2 (65.7–72.5) Stage 1 or 2 84 12.2 (9.6–15.5) Stages 3–5 134 18.6 (14.2–23.9) All, without diabetes or hypertension†† (n = 2730) Normal 2450 90.3 (88.0–92.2) Stage 1 or 2 231 8.4 (6.9–10.2) Stages 3–5 49 1.3 (0.7–2.4)§§ Note: CI = confidence interval, CKD-EPI = Chronic Kidney Disease Epidemiology Collaboration, MDRD = Modification of Diet in Renal Disease, NA = not available.
↵* See Box 1 for classification of the stages of chronic kidney disease.
↵† Missing observations = 100 (owing to missing values for serum creatinine).
↵‡ Unweighted numbers of participants aged 18–79 years (excluding pregnant women).
↵§ Weighted prevalence was calculated with the use of sampling weights provided by Statistics Canada that accounted for representativeness and nonresponse.
↵¶ Unweighted numbers of participants (and weighted proportions with 95% CIs) by stage of disease according to the CKD-EPI equation are as follows: normal: 3073 (87.4%, 85.6%–89.1%); stage 1: 238 (6.9%, 5.7%–8.4%); stage 2: 115 (2.5%, 1.9%–3.3%); stage 3: 151 (2.9%, 2.3%–3.6%); stage 4: 9 (prevalence estimate NA‡‡); stage 5: 3 (prevalence estimate NA‡‡).
↵** Unweighted numbers of participants (and weighted proportions with 95% CIs) by stage of disease according to the MDRD equation are as follows: normal: 3028 (86.6%, 84.7%–88.3%); stage 1: 197 (5.4%, 4.2%–7.1%); stage 2: 153 (3.9%, 3.2%–4.9%); stage 3: 202 (3.8%, 3.0%–4.8%); stage 4: 8 (prevalence estimate NA‡‡); stage 5: 3 (prevalence estimate NA‡‡).
↵†† Excludes participants with diabetes (n = 300 [7.2%]) and hypertension (n = 759 [17.6%]), as defined in Methods.
↵‡‡ Prevalence estimate cannot be reported (coefficient of variation [CV] > 33.3%).
↵§§ Marginal sampling variability (16% < CV < 33%); interpret with caution.
- Table 3:
Age-standardized, weighted prevalence of risk factors for cardiovascular events and progression of chronic kidney disease among Canadian adults without a self-reported heart condition
Variable Chronic kidney disease group; weighted prevalence,* % (95% CI) pdiff value† All No disease Disease present All participants‡ n = 3392 n = 2874 n = 423 Diabetes and hypertension§ Neither 81.1 (79.5–82.6) 82.5 (80.8–84.1) 72.3 (65.7–78.8) 0.01 Hypertension 16.3 (14.9–17.7) 15.0 (13.4–16.6) 24.4 (18.9–29.9) 0.007 Diabetes 6.3 (4.6–7.9) 5.4 (4.0–6.8) 10.9§§ (5.9–15.9) 0.03 Both 3.6§§ (2.5–4.8) 2.9§§ (1.9–3.8) 7.5§§ (3.6–11.4) 0.03 Obesity (BMI > 30) 23.0 (20.2–25.9) 22.2 (19.1–25.2) 28.1 (20.5–35.6) 0.1 Abdominal obesity¶ 57.4 (52.8–61.9) 56.7 (51.5–61.9) 63.2 (57.0–69.4) 0.2 Smoking status** Daily 20.7 (18.4–23.0) 20.6 (18.0–23.1) 20.2 (16.4–24.0) 0.9 Former daily 26.3 (23.8–28.7) 26.5 (24.0–29.1) 26.0 (19.8–32.2) 0.9 Never 49.1 (46.0–52.2) 48.8 (46.0–51.6) 50.8 (43.1–58.5) 0.5 Lipid levels†† n = 1659 n = 1428 n = 201 Elevated triglycerdrides (> 1.7 mmol/L) 23.5 (19.2–27.8) 21.4 (17.0–25.9) 39.8 ( 27.9–51.8) 0.02 Elevated high-sensitivity CRP (> 2 mg/L) 35.6 (32.6–38.6) 34.3 (31.1–37.5) 43.5 (33.9–53.1) 0.1 Elevated total cholesterol (≥ 5 mmol) 44.4 (39.7–49.0) 43.9 (38.4–49.4) 49.2 (39.2–59.1) 0.5 Elevated LDL cholesterol (> 3.5 mmol) 31.1 (28.0–34.3) 30.8 (27.0–34.7) 32.9§§ (19.5–46.3) 0.8 Elevated total:HDL cholesterol ratio (> 5) 16.3 (13.4–19.1) 14.7 (11.5–18.0) 28.1§§ (15.7–40.5) 0.08 Low HDL cholesterol‡‡ 29.9 (24.7–35.1) 28.6 (23.3–33.9) 40.0 (27.6–52.4) 0.1 Note: BMI = body mass index, CI = confidence interval, CRP = C-reactive protein, HDL = high-density lipoprotein, LDL = low-density lipoprotein.
↵* Prevalence estimates are age-standardized to the weighted survey population aged 18–79 (excluding pregnant women) by 20-year age groups.
↵† p < 0.05 for test of difference in prevalence of risk factor for cardiovascular disease between participants with and without chronic kidney disease.
↵‡ Unweighted numbers of study participants aged 18–79 years (excluding those reporting previous or existing heart condition, n = 297). Missing observations = 95 (presence of chronic kidney disease unknown owing to missing values for serum creatinine). Reports of previous or existing heart condition defined as participant having heart disease, ever having had a heart attack, having a heart condition that limited physical activity or taking drugs for any cardiovascular condition.
↵§ See Methods for definitions of diabetes and hypertension.
↵¶ Defined as waist circumference ≥ 94 cm for men and ≥ 80 cm for women.
↵** Daily smoker = respondents who reported smoking daily and those who reported smoking occasionally but who were former daily smokers; former daily smokers = respondents who reported being nonsmokers but who were former daily smokers. Occasional smokers (n = 57) were not included in the calculation of smoking status owing to small numbers.
↵†† A total of 1796 participants met the fasting criteria; 137 were excluded from this table because they had a current or previous heart condition. Missing observations = 30 (presence of chronic kidney disease unknown owing to missing values for serum creatinine).
↵‡‡ Defined as < 1.03 mmol/L for men and < 1.3 mmol/L for women.
↵§§ Marginal sampling variability (coefficient of variation [CV] > 16% and < 33%); interpret with caution. All other estimates had CV values < 16.6%.
- Table 4:
Proportion of adults with and without albuminuria, by estimated glomerular filtration rate (eGFR) group
Albuminuria present‡ eGFR group,* mL/min per 1.73 m2; no. (%) of participants† ≥ 90 60–89 < 60 All Yes 238 (10.1) 116 (8.9) 39 (27.6) 393 (10.3) No 2088 (89.9) 984 (91.1) 108 (72.4) 3180 (89.7) All 2326 (100.0) 1100 (100.0) 147 (100.0) 3573 (100.0)