Age, yr |
40–49 | 1817 | 0.73 ± 0.48 | < 0.001 |
50–59 | 1185 | 0.73 ± 0.43 | |
60–69 | 1370 | 0.80 ± 0.46 | |
≥ 70 | 1530 | 0.85 ± 0.49 | |
Sex |
Male | 3211 | 0.81 ± 0.48 | < 0.001 |
Female | 2691 | 0.74 ± 0.46 | |
Ethnic background |
White | 3192 | 0.77 ± 0.45 | < 0.001 |
Black | 1335 | 0.74 ± 0.49 | |
Hispanic | 1185 | 0.85 ± 0.48 | |
Other | 190 | 0.74 ± 0.45 | |
Education |
Less than high school | 1472 | 0.84 ± 0.49 | < 0.001 |
High school | 2677 | 0.78 ± 0.46 | |
College or more | 1753 | 0.72 ± 0.45 | |
Cigarette smoking |
Current smoker | 1520 | 0.74 ± 0.48 | <0.001 |
Former smoker | 2190 | 0.83 ± 0.47 | |
Never smoked | 2192 | 0.75 ± 0.45 | |
Alcohol use |
Drinker | 2985 | 0.73 ± 0.45 | < 0.001 |
Nondrinker | 2917 | 0.82 ± 0.48 | |
Day of last meal or snack |
Yesterday | 3353 | 0.76 ± 0.43 | 0.02 |
Today | 2547 | 0.79 ± 0.52 | |
Hypertension |
Yes | 2511 | 0.88 ± 0.49 | < 0.001 |
No | 3391 | 0.70 ± 0.44 | |
Hypercholesterolemia |
Yes | 2360 | 0.81 ± 0.46 | < 0.001 |
No | 3542 | 0.76 ± 0.47 | |
Heart attack |
Yes | 397 | 0.97 ± 0.53 | < 0.001 |
No | 5505 | 0.76 ± 0.46 | |
Body mass index |
< 18.5 | 97 | 0.43 ± 0.34 | < 0.001 |
18.5–24.9 | 2028 | 0.55 ± 0.36 | |
25–29.9 | 2311 | 0.81 ± 0.42 | |
≥ 30 | 1466 | 1.07 ± 0.50 | |
C-reactive protein, mg/dL |
< 1 | 5332 | 0.76 ± 0.45 | < 0.001 |
≥ 1 | 570 | 0.95 ± 0.56 | |
Total cholesterol, mmol/L |
< 5.15 | 2093 | 0.75 ± 0.49 | < 0.001 |
5.15–6.18 | 2206 | 0.77 ± 0.45 | |
≥ 6.19 | 1603 | 0.82 ± 0.46 | |
Triglyceride, mmol/L |
< 2.26 | 4733 | 0.71 ± 0.43 | < 0.001 |
2.26–5.65 | 1072 | 1.06 ± 0.53 | |
> 5.65 | 97 | 1.10 ± 0.49 | |
Serum insulin, μU/mL |
< 6.38 | 1477 | 0.36 ± 0.20 | < 0.001 |
6.38–8.92 | 1475 | 0.60 ± 0.23 | |
8.93–12.80 | 1475 | 0.84 ± 0.28 | |
> 12.80 | 1475 | 1.31 ± 0.47 | |
Glycated hemoglobin, % |
< 5.2 | 1628 | 0.69 ± 0.44 | < 0.001 |
5.2–5.4 | 1399 | 0.74 ± 0.45 | |
5.5–5.8 | 1418 | 0.77 ± 0.44 | |
> 5.8 | 1457 | 0.93 ± 0.51 | |
Plasma glucose, mmol/L |
< 4.98 | 1465 | 0.60 ± 0.42 | < 0.001 |
4.98–5.30 | 1482 | 0.70 ± 0.42 | |
5.31–5.68 | 1482 | 0.80 ± 0.42 | |
> 5.68 | 1473 | 1.00 ± 0.51 | |