Article Figures & Tables
Figures
- Figure 1:
Flow of participants through the crossover study, showing the crossover in therapies between visits 1 and 2. The crossed-over streams are shown in parallel on each side of the flow chart. IQR = interquartile range, VO2max = maximum oxygen uptake.
- Figure 2:
Profiles (medians and interquartile ranges) of (A) plasma glucose concentration and (B) basal insulin infusion with dual-hormone closed-loop delivery and continuous subcutaneous insulin infusion. (C) The histogram of glucagon delivery during closed-loop delivery.
- Figure 3:
Profiles (medians and interquartile ranges) of plasma glucose concentration and basal insulin infusion before and after receipt of glucagon bolus (n = 61 boluses).
Tables
- Table 1:
Comparison of outcomes among 15 adults with type 1 diabetes receiving both interventions
Outcome Intervention, median (IQR)* p value† Dual-hormone closed-loop delivery Continuous subcutaenous insulin infusion Overall (duration of visit, from 1600 to 0700) Plasma glucose level at start of visit, mmol/L 7.7 (7.4–10.6) 7.0 (5.2–8.7) 0.28 Time spent at specific glucose level, % Target range‡ 70.7 (46.1–88.4) 57.3 (25.2–71.8) 0.003 < 4.0 mmol/L 0.0 (0.0–3.0) 10.2 (0.0–13.0) 0.01 < 3.3 mmol/L 0.0 (0.0–0.0) 2.8 (0.0–5.9) 0.006 Above target range 29.3 (9.4–49.2) 25.6 (18.0–63.4) 0.17 Plasma glucose level, mmol/L, mean ± SD 7.8 ± 1.1 7.9 ± 1.9 0.74 Plasma glucose level, mmol/L, SD 2.0 (1.3–2.8) 2.1 (1.8–2.9) 0.06 Insulin delivery, U 19 (15–23) 19 (15–25) 0.19 Insulin concentration, mU/L 25 (23–42) 30 (18–43) 0.87 Glucagon concentration, pg/mL 66 (61–72) 56 (43–65) 0.01 Overnight (from 2300 to 0700) Time spent at specific glucose level, % Target range 72.0 (32.5–84.2) 45.8 (29.2–64.6) 0.07 < 4.0 mmol/L 0.0 (0.0–0.0) 0.0 (0.0–22.5) 0.02 < 3.3 mmol/L 0.0 (0.0–0.0) 0.0 (0.0–7.7) 0.01 Above target range 28.0 (15.8–64.8) 49.8 (12.5–70.8) 0.99 Plasma glucose level, mmol/L, mean ± SD 7.8 ± 1.3 7.6 ± 2.3 0.63 Plasma glucose level, mmol/L, SD 1.5 (1.1–2.6) 1.6 (1.1–2.1) 0.67 Insulin delivery, U 14 (10–16) 14 (9–17) 0.77 Insulin concentration, mU/L 24 (19–31) 25 (15–33) 0.68 Glucagon concentration, pg/mL 57 (45–70) 50 (37–61) 0.02 - Table 2:
Rates of hypoglycemia and nocturnal plasma glucose concentrations among 15 patients with type 1 diabetes during each intervention
Outcome Intervention, no. (%) p value* Dual-hormone closed-loop delivery
n = 15Continuous subcutaneous insulin infusion
n = 15Patients with at least 1 hypoglycemic event† 1 (7) 8 (53) 0.02 Patients with at least 1 nocturnal hypoglycemic event†‡ 0 (0) 5 (33) 0.07 Patients with at least 1 exercise-induced hypoglycemic event†§ 1 (7) 2 (13) 1.0 Nocturnal‡ plasma glucose measurements¶ n = 363 n = 367 < 4.0 mmol/L 2 (0.5) 45 (12.3) — < 3.3 mmol/L 0 (0.0) 13 (3.5) — < 3.0 mmol/L 0 (0.0) 9 (2.5) —
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