Clancy et al., 2003 (15)– (17) | 6 mo | 2-h sessions; monthly over 6 mo | Intervention: 59 Control: 61 | Age > 18 yr; type 2 diabetes with HbA1c > 8.5% at most recent evaluation | 21.7 | Trust in physician (scale), ADA process-of-care indicators, patient care assessment tool, HbA1c, lipid profiles | At 6 mo: 9.513% in intervention and 9.714% in control; difference not significant | Not measured |
Clancy et al., 2007 (18), (19) and 2008 (20) | 12 mo | 2-h sessions; monthly over 12 mo | Intervention: 96 Control: 90 | Age > 18 yr; poorly controlled type 2 diabetes (HbA1c > 8%) | 28 | Emergency department visits, inpatient stays, primary and specialty outpatient visits, total charges, HBA1c testing, lipid profiles, adherence to ADA guidelines, cancer screens | Not measured; instead study looked at no. of patients who received HbA1c testing | Not measured |
Cohen et al., 2011 (21) | 6 mo | 2-h sessions over 6 mo; weekly for 4 wk, then monthly for 5 mo | Intervention: 50 Control: 49 | Veterans with type 2 diabetes; HbA1c > 7.0%, LDL cholesterol > 100 mg/dL (or > 70 mg/dL if coronary artery disease present); BP > 130/80 mm Hg | Intervention: 100 Control: 96 | HbA1c, LDL cholesterol, BP, goal attainment of these values, diabetes self-care behaviour, prescribing (medications) between groups, no. of visits with primary care provider | Target goals reached by 40.5% in intervention v. 20.4% in control (p = 0.03); patients in intervention group had higher odds of attaining HbA1c goals | Target systolic BP (< 130 mm Hg) reached by 50% in intervention and 32.7% in control (p = 0.015); patients in intervention group had higher odds of attaining systolic BP goals |
Edelman et al., 2010 (22) | 12.8 mo | 90–120 min per session; every 2 mo over 12 mo; total 7 sessions | Intervention: 133 Control: 106 | Veterans with poorly controlled diabetes (HbA1c ≥ 7.5%) and hypertension (systolic BP > 140 mm Hg, diastolic BP > 90 mm Hg); type of diabetes not specified | Intervention: 95.5 Control: 96.2 | Systolic and diastolic BP, HbA1c, self-reported medication adherence | Mean decrease 0.8% in intervention and 0.5% in control; difference not significant (p = 0.159) | Mean decrease in systolic BP was 13.7 mm Hg in intervention v. 6.4 mm Hg in control (p = 0.011) |
Naik et al., 2011 (23) | 12 mo | 60-min sessions; 4 sessions; every 3 wk over 3 mo | Intervention: 45 Control: 42 | Veterans aged 50–90 yr with a primary care provider; type 2 diabetes; mean HbA1c 7.5% 6 mo before study | Unknown | HbA1c, diabetes self-efficacy scale, diabetes specific knowledge and understanding scale | At 1 yr: 8.05% ± 1.40% in intervention v. 8.64% ± 1.39% in control (p = 0.05) | Not measured |
Rygg et al., 2012 (24) | 12 mo | 5-h sessions; every 2 wk over 6 wk, or every 3 wk over 9 wk, depending on site | Intervention: 73 Control: 73 | Age > 18 yr; type 2 diabetes; consultation with general practitioner in past 3 yr | “Approximately 50%” | HbA1c, patient activation, diabetes knowledge, BP, weight, BMI, total and HDL cholesterol, triglycerides, creatinine, oral glucose-lowering medication, visits with health care personnel in past 3 mo, satisfaction with diabetes treatment, problem areas in diabetes, EQ-VAS, SF-36 (physical and mental health domains), self- management (diet, foot care and blood glucose) | At 12 mo: no significant difference (p = 0.432), except in subgroup analysis of patients with highest HbA1c (> 7.7%) at baseline (8.2% ± 1.4% in intervention group v. 8.8% ± 1.4% in control group; p = 0.012) | Systolic BP intervention: 140.6 (17.1), control: 143.7 (20.8). diastolic BP intervention: 82.6 (10.3), control 83.3 (10.3) |
Sadur et al., 1999 (25) | 12 mo | 2-h sessions; monthly over 6 mo | Intervention: 82 Control: 74 | Age 16–75 yr; type 1 and 2 diabetes; HbA1c > 8.5%, or no HbA1c test performed in previous yr | Intervention: 58.8 Control: 55.7 | HbA1c, self-reported changes in self-care practices, self-efficacy, satisfaction, utilization of inpatient and outpatient health care | ≥ 5 mo after randomization: 8.18% in intervention and 9.33% in control (p < 0.0001) | Not measured |
Schillinger et al., 2009 (26) | 12 mo | 90-min sessions; monthly over 9 mo | Intervention: 104 Control (usual care): 108 3rd arm (wkly automated telephone support with nurse follow- up): 112 | Adult patients with type 2 diabetes; uninsured with high school education or less; ≥ 1 primary care visit in past yr; recent HbA1c ≥ 8.0% | Intervention: 36.3 Control: 44.7 | 1-yr changes in structure (patient assessment of chronic Illness care), communication processes (interpersonal processes of care) and outcomes (behavioural, functional and metabolic) | No difference between groups (9.0% ± 2.0% in both groups; p = 0.3) | Systolic BP 138.9 ± 20.3 mm Hg in intervention and 141.5 ± 23.9 mm Hg in usual-care group (p = 0.1); diastolic BP 75.5 ± 11.3 mm Hg in intervention and 78.5 ± 18.5 mm Hg in usual-care group (p = 0.08) |
Taveira et al., 2010 (27) | 4 mo | 2-h sessions; weekly over 4 wk | Intervention: 58 Control: 51 | Veterans aged ≥ 18 yr with type 2 diabetes; HbA1c 7%–9% in previous 6 mo | Intervention: 91.4 Control: 100 | HbA1c, BP (systolic < 130 mm Hg, diastolic < 80 mm Hg), lipids, tobacco use | Target reached by 40.4% in intervention and 21.6% in control; absolute mean change −0.9 ± 1.6 in intervention and 0.0 ± −1.5 in control | Target systolic BP reached by 65.5% in intervention and 39.9% in control; absolute mean change −7.3 ± 20.3 mm Hg in intervention and −1.7 ± −19.6 mm Hg in control. Target diastolic BP reached by 65.5% in intervention and 68.6% in control; absolute mean change −6.5 ± 10.0 mm Hg in intervention and 1.0 ± 10.8 mm Hg in control |
Taveira et al., 2011 (28) | 6 mo | 90-min sessions; weekly for 4 wk, then monthly for 5 mo | Intervention: 44 Control: 44 | Veterans with depression and type 1 or 2 diabetes; HbA1c > 6.5% in previous 6 mo | Intervention: 100 Control: 95.5 | HbA1c < 7% at 6 mo, adherence to ADA guidelines (systolic BP < 130 mm Hg, diastolic BP < 80 mm Hg), total, LDL and HDL cholesterol, tobacco cessation, change in 10-yr coronary event risk at 6 mo, depression symptoms | 7.4% ± 1.2% in intervention v. 8.4% ± 2.0% in control group (p < 0.05) | Systolic BP 123.4 ± 12.3 mm Hg in intervention and 127.0 ± 17.3 mm Hg in control (p < 0.05 from baseline) |
Trento et al., 2002, (29) 2001 (30) and 2004 (31) | 4 yr | Duration of session not stated; session every 3 mo | Intervention: 56 Control: 56 (42 in each group at yr 5) | Type 2 diabetes, treated with diet alone or diet and oral hypoglycemic agents; attended diabetes clinic | Intervention: 51.1 Control: 60.7 | Weight, fasting blood glucose level, HbA1c, serum creatine, total and HDL cholesterol, triglycerides, microalbumine: creatinine ratio, diabetes-related quality of life, knowledge of diabetes, health behaviours, BP, BMI | At 5 yr after randomization: 7.3% ± 1.0% in intervention and 9.0% ± 1.6% in control (p < 0.001) | Not measured |
Trento et al., 2005 (32) | 3 yr | Duration of session unclear; every 2–3 mo; total 15 sessions over 36 mo | Intervention: 30 Control: 28 | Age < 70 yr; type 1 diabetes with onset before 30 yr; insulin started within 1 yr of diagnosis; ≥ 1 yr previous attendance in clinic | Intervention: 61.3 Control: 58.1 | Diabetes-related quality of life, knowledge of type 1 diabetes, health behaviours, HbA1c, total and HDL cholesterol, microalbumine:creatinine ratio, complications (hypoglycemic episodes [retrospective]), economic analysis | At 3 yr: 7.88% ± 0.20% in intervention and 8.79% ± 1.38% in control (p = NS) | Not measured |
Wagner et al., 2001 (33) | 2 yr | Half-day sessions; “periodic” (intervals of 3 mo and 6 mo) | Intervention: 278 Control: 429 | Age > 30 yr; patients with diabetes (type not specified) using insulin or oral hypoglycemic therapy were “preferentially selected” | Intervention: 56 Control: 51.8 | Subscales of SF-36 (general health, physical function, emotional role function, social function and pain), bed disability, restricted-activity days | At 24 mo: no difference between groups (7.9% in both groups; p = 0.9) | Not measured |