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Research

Neonatal outcomes after influenza immunization during pregnancy: a randomized controlled trial

Mark C. Steinhoff, Saad B. Omer, Eliza Roy, Shams El Arifeen, Rubhana Raqib, Caitlin Dodd, Robert F. Breiman and K. Zaman
CMAJ April 03, 2012 184 (6) 645-653; DOI: https://doi.org/10.1503/cmaj.110754
Mark C. Steinhoff
Bloomberg School of Public Health (Steinhoff), Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, Md.; the Cincinnati Children’s Hospital Medical Center (Steinhoff, Dodd), Cincinnati, Ohio; the Rollins School of Public Health (Omer), Emory University, Atlanta, Ga.; the Center for Health Research — Southeast, Kaiser Permanente, Atlanta, Ga.; the International Centre for Diarrheal Disease Research (Roy, Arifeen, Raqib, Zaman), Dhaka, Bangladesh; and the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (Breiman), Atlanta, Ga.
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  • For correspondence: mark.steinhoff@cchmc.org
Saad B. Omer
Bloomberg School of Public Health (Steinhoff), Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, Md.; the Cincinnati Children’s Hospital Medical Center (Steinhoff, Dodd), Cincinnati, Ohio; the Rollins School of Public Health (Omer), Emory University, Atlanta, Ga.; the Center for Health Research — Southeast, Kaiser Permanente, Atlanta, Ga.; the International Centre for Diarrheal Disease Research (Roy, Arifeen, Raqib, Zaman), Dhaka, Bangladesh; and the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (Breiman), Atlanta, Ga.
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Eliza Roy
Bloomberg School of Public Health (Steinhoff), Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, Md.; the Cincinnati Children’s Hospital Medical Center (Steinhoff, Dodd), Cincinnati, Ohio; the Rollins School of Public Health (Omer), Emory University, Atlanta, Ga.; the Center for Health Research — Southeast, Kaiser Permanente, Atlanta, Ga.; the International Centre for Diarrheal Disease Research (Roy, Arifeen, Raqib, Zaman), Dhaka, Bangladesh; and the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (Breiman), Atlanta, Ga.
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Shams El Arifeen
Bloomberg School of Public Health (Steinhoff), Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, Md.; the Cincinnati Children’s Hospital Medical Center (Steinhoff, Dodd), Cincinnati, Ohio; the Rollins School of Public Health (Omer), Emory University, Atlanta, Ga.; the Center for Health Research — Southeast, Kaiser Permanente, Atlanta, Ga.; the International Centre for Diarrheal Disease Research (Roy, Arifeen, Raqib, Zaman), Dhaka, Bangladesh; and the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (Breiman), Atlanta, Ga.
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Rubhana Raqib
Bloomberg School of Public Health (Steinhoff), Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, Md.; the Cincinnati Children’s Hospital Medical Center (Steinhoff, Dodd), Cincinnati, Ohio; the Rollins School of Public Health (Omer), Emory University, Atlanta, Ga.; the Center for Health Research — Southeast, Kaiser Permanente, Atlanta, Ga.; the International Centre for Diarrheal Disease Research (Roy, Arifeen, Raqib, Zaman), Dhaka, Bangladesh; and the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (Breiman), Atlanta, Ga.
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Caitlin Dodd
Bloomberg School of Public Health (Steinhoff), Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, Md.; the Cincinnati Children’s Hospital Medical Center (Steinhoff, Dodd), Cincinnati, Ohio; the Rollins School of Public Health (Omer), Emory University, Atlanta, Ga.; the Center for Health Research — Southeast, Kaiser Permanente, Atlanta, Ga.; the International Centre for Diarrheal Disease Research (Roy, Arifeen, Raqib, Zaman), Dhaka, Bangladesh; and the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (Breiman), Atlanta, Ga.
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Robert F. Breiman
Bloomberg School of Public Health (Steinhoff), Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, Md.; the Cincinnati Children’s Hospital Medical Center (Steinhoff, Dodd), Cincinnati, Ohio; the Rollins School of Public Health (Omer), Emory University, Atlanta, Ga.; the Center for Health Research — Southeast, Kaiser Permanente, Atlanta, Ga.; the International Centre for Diarrheal Disease Research (Roy, Arifeen, Raqib, Zaman), Dhaka, Bangladesh; and the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (Breiman), Atlanta, Ga.
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K. Zaman
Bloomberg School of Public Health (Steinhoff), Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, Md.; the Cincinnati Children’s Hospital Medical Center (Steinhoff, Dodd), Cincinnati, Ohio; the Rollins School of Public Health (Omer), Emory University, Atlanta, Ga.; the Center for Health Research — Southeast, Kaiser Permanente, Atlanta, Ga.; the International Centre for Diarrheal Disease Research (Roy, Arifeen, Raqib, Zaman), Dhaka, Bangladesh; and the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (Breiman), Atlanta, Ga.
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Abstract

Background: There are limited data about the effect of maternal influenza infection on fetuses and newborns. We performed a secondary analysis of data from the Mother’s Gift project, a randomized study designed to test the effectiveness of inactivated influenza and pneumococcal vaccines during pregnancy.

Methods: In the Mother’s Gift project, 340 pregnant women in Bangladesh received either inactivated influenza vaccine or 23-valent pneumococcal polysaccharide vaccine (control). This study was performed from August 2004 through December 2005. We performed a secondary analysis of outcomes following maternal influenza immunization during two periods: when influenza virus was not circulating (September 2004 through January 2005) and when influenza virus was circulating (February through October 2005). We assessed gestational age, mean birth weight and the proportion of infants who were small for gestational age.

Results: During the period with no circulating influenza virus, there were no differences in the incidence of respiratory illness with fever per 100 person-months among mothers and infants in the two groups (influenza vaccine: 3.9; control: 4.0; p > 0.9). The proportion of infants who were small for gestational age and the mean birth weight were similar between groups (small for gestational age: influenza vaccine 29.1%, control 34.3%; mean birth weight: influenza vaccine 3083 g, control 3053 g). During the period with circulating influenza virus, there was a substantial reduction in the incidence per 100 person-months of respiratory illness with fever among the mothers and infants who had received the influenza vaccine (influenza vaccine: 3.7; control: 7.2; p = 0.0003). During this period, the proportion of infants who were small for gestational age was lower in the influenza vaccine group than in the control group (25.9% v. 44.8%; p = 0.03). The mean birth weight was higher among infants whose mothers received the influenza vaccine than among those who received the control vaccine during this period (3178 g v. 2978 g; p = 0.02).

Interpretation: During the period with circulating influenza virus, maternal immunization during pregnancy was associated with a lower proportion of infants who were small for gestational age and an increase in mean birth weight. These data need confirmation but suggest that prevention of influenza infection in pregnancy can influence intrauterine growth.

Trial Registration: ClinicalTrials.gov: NCT 00142389

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Canadian Medical Association Journal: 184 (6)
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3 Apr 2012
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Neonatal outcomes after influenza immunization during pregnancy: a randomized controlled trial
Mark C. Steinhoff, Saad B. Omer, Eliza Roy, Shams El Arifeen, Rubhana Raqib, Caitlin Dodd, Robert F. Breiman, K. Zaman
CMAJ Apr 2012, 184 (6) 645-653; DOI: 10.1503/cmaj.110754

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Neonatal outcomes after influenza immunization during pregnancy: a randomized controlled trial
Mark C. Steinhoff, Saad B. Omer, Eliza Roy, Shams El Arifeen, Rubhana Raqib, Caitlin Dodd, Robert F. Breiman, K. Zaman
CMAJ Apr 2012, 184 (6) 645-653; DOI: 10.1503/cmaj.110754
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