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Figure 1: Ten major dimensions of an explanatory (intervention) trial 1 that influence the trial’s applicability as it moves from its purpose to its result (from left to right). The dimensions can be divided between the provider of the intervention (e.g., clinician) and its target recipient who normally receives standard care (e.g., patient). See Figure 3 for examples of other providers and recipients.
Figure 2: Ten major dimensions of a pragmatic trial 1 showing real-world variation. In contrast to the restrictions on these dimensions in explanatory trials, as illustrated in Figure 1, pragmatic trials incorporate greater diversity in selection of providers and recipients, flexibility of the intervention, degrees of adherence, scrutiny of participants, and types of outcomes and analyses. Pragmatic trials are more likely to have multiple purposes, addressed by multiple analyses.
Figure 3: The providers need not be clinicians and the recipients need not be patients. Often the units of intervention and outcome analysis — like the cause and the effects — are at other levels in the health system hierarchy.
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