- © 2008 Canadian Medical Association
Physicians and patients should demand, and participants in the system should provide, transparency in all of the areas of drug approval and reimbursement (Table 1). The current situation, in which the evidence used to make decisions often remains secret and the decisions are not adequately explained to the public, is untenable. We wrote this commentary in response to the House of Commons Standing Committee on Health's 2007 parliamentary review of the Common Drug Review program. Established in 2002 by the federal government, the Common Drug Review was charged with evaluating the cost-effectiveness of new outpatient drugs and to make recommendations to Canada's publicly funded drug plans.1,2 Although many submissions to Parliament's Standing Committee on Health legitimately criticized the Common Drug Review's lack of transparency, we believe that the scope of both the criticism and the review itself was too narrow. We suggest that, from start to finish, the drug evaluation systems in Canada and elsewhere lack transparency.
Table 1.
Transparency is important for several reasons. First, the availability of detailed information about a drug's benefits and harms would allow interested individuals to review and analyze trial data themselves. If independent analysts come to the same conclusions as regulators and other decision-making bodies, confidence in the decision-making process would increase. Second, a lack of transparency always gives the impression that something is being hidden. The drug evaluation system would be perceived as being more legitimate if the public were aware of how and why decisions are made and had an opportunity to provide input. Governments might also benefit from increased public trust. Finally, increased scrutiny of the decision-making process might lead to better decisions.
Transparency in research
Full transparency should begin when a drug is first tested in humans. Detailed protocols of all trials should be registered with an independent group providing public access to up-to-date information on clinical trials (e.g., www.clinicaltrials.gov). Results should be publicly available when a pharmaceutical company applies for the drug to be licensed. Registration before trials are started is necessary because positive studies are more likely to be published than negative studies.3 Furthermore, published trial reports often inaccurately describe the planned analysis and only report a subset of the outcome measures, leading to an unrealistically optimistic assessment of a drug's efficacy. For example, a study by Chan and colleagues4 that examined differences between trial protocols and final publications reported that the primary outcome described in the protocol was altered more than 50% of the time and that the outcome was omitted from the final publication altogether in 26% of cases.
Transparency in authorship is also important. Industry-employed statisticians whose contributions would ordinarily justify authorship are frequently omitted from author lists, arguably so that readers are left with the impression that a university or hospital employee performed the analysis.5 Conversely, including key opinion leaders on a byline when their contributions would not meet standard authorship criteria may also bias readers.6
If a pharmaceutical company wishes to sell a drug in Canada, it must provide evidence to Health Canada that the drug meets the standards required by the Food and Drugs Act. Much of the data are provided to Health Canada in secret, in contrast to the US Food and Drug Administration, which posts both hearing results and independent data analyses on a publicly accessible website.7 As concluded in a commentary by Drummond,8 we believe that the results of all studies involving humans should be made public. If Canadians are going to use a drug, it seems only reasonable that their right to have access to all relevant information about that drug outweigh a pharmaceutical company's desire to keep clinical trial information secret. Public availability of all information would allow independent analyses and might avoid unnecessary morbidity and mortality that currently only becomes apparent years after a drug's release.9,10 Health Canada's reviews of both unsuccessful and successful applications, including any requests for postmarketing studies, should be published on Health Canada's website.11 Canadians have the right to assess the quality of their regulator's review and understand the rationale behind its decisions. Although Health Canada has embarked on a process that will enhance postmarketing surveillance,12 critics have noted that even the revised regulatory process will lack transparency.13
Transparency in pricing
After a brand-name drug is licensed by Health Canada, its price is set by the Patented Medicine Prices Review Board. On the surface, this appears to be one of the most transparent steps in the drug evaluation system — the Patented Medicine Prices Review Board limits the price of a “breakthrough” drug to the median of the prices for the same drug in 7 similar countries. However, undisclosed deals between pharmaceutical companies and public payers in other countries14 may result in Canadians paying artificially inflated prices. With the Patented Medicine Prices Review Board currently reviewing its Excessive Prices Guidelines, the time is ripe for modifications that would provide true transparency in the pricing of patented drugs.
There is even less transparency in the pricing of generic drugs. For example, until recently, the public was largely unaware that manufacturers of generic drugs were issuing rebates to pharmacies worth up to 60% of a drug's price.15 These rebates, along with other nontransparent aspects of the price-setting process, may explain why Canadians pay more for off-patent prescription drugs than do people in other countries.16
Transparency in formulary listings
For a licensed drug to be widely prescribed, a pharmaceutical company generally needs to have the drug listed on publicly funded drug plan formularies, such as BC PharmaCare and the Ontario Drug Benefit Program. Decisions to include drugs on formularies are guided by recommendations of the Common Drug Review process of the Canadian Agency for Drugs and Technologies in Health. Although the Common Drug Review publicly releases the recommendations and rationale of its expert advisory committee (www.cadth.ca), pharmaceutical companies have insisted that some of the data necessary to make these decisions be kept confidential. The Common Drug Review should make public each pharmaceutical company's submission, internally and externally commissioned reviews, and the minutes of its meetings. In rare instances it may be necessary for select data to remain confidential for a brief period (e.g., to meet restrictions imposed by medical journals), but data required to make reimbursement decisions should never remain secret for longer than a few months. Although journal editors have recently indicated that brief publication of results in trial registries will not jeopardize acceptance in a journal,17 they have not yet explicitly stated that prepublication of cost-effectiveness analyses by groups such as the Common Drug Review will be treated similarly.
When a drug plan chooses not to adopt the Common Drug Review's recommendations, it should state the rationale for its decision. Ideally, any special arrangements between governments and the industry, such as price discounts, unpublicized rebates or price-volume agreements, should be made public. Some would argue that industry will refuse to enter into these arrangements unless they are kept confidential, thus preventing the negotiation of agreements that ultimately benefit patients. At a minimum, the existence of special arrangements should be made public even if the details are not, as was the case in Ontario with a recent bisphosphonate/vitamin D product.18
Obtaining a formulary listing is only the first step in increasing market share; achieving a recommendation in a clinical practice guideline is also important. Because clinicians who have financial links with a pharmaceutical company are more likely than other clinicians to be favourably disposed to that company's drug,19 individuals who participate in guideline development should be required to publicly disclose both real and perceived conflicts of interest.20 Others have suggested that guidelines will be most trusted only when individuals with conflicts of interest are excluded entirely.21 Policies to address conflicts of interest should also be developed for individuals involved in other areas of the drug evaluation system. For example, all support from pharmaceutical companies or governments to patient advocacy groups should be publicly reported.22,23
Transparency in advertising and promotion
Finally, we need more transparency in advertising and promotion of drugs. Most pharmaceutical advertisements aimed at Canadian health care professionals are screened behind closed doors by the Pharmaceutical Advertising Advisory Board, an independent agency funded by the pharmaceutical industry. The board's main activities are to maintain guidelines (available at www.paab.ca) indicating what information is acceptable in advertisements to health care professionals and to review advertising in advance of publication to ensure that claims about the benefits of drugs are legitimate. The board also provides opinions as to whether direct-to-consumer advertising falls afoul of Health Canada's guidelines. We believe that promotional material produced by pharmaceutical companies should be available for public review before it is widely disseminated. Interested health care professionals could perform a useful watchdog function by identifying misleading advertisements before they are released. Similarly, information aimed at the public should also be available for advance review. Taking action after an advertising campaign has been launched (or, as is often the case, after an advertising campaign has concluded) is of minimal benefit.24
We are unaware of any jurisdiction that demands transparency in each of the areas we have described above. Therefore, Canada can be an international leader in this area. We propose that an independent agency be established to develop a single, searchable website with information relating to each of the domains described above. Information should be organized by drug, so that physicians and patients can efficiently find all relevant information about a drug of interest. Figure 1 presents a schematic of how this information could be presented.
Figure 1: Schematic for a website that would increase transparency in the drug evaluation system.
Increased transparency in some of the areas described above will require not only considerable political will, but also legislative changes (e.g., to prohibit drug companies from keeping their submissions to Health Canada confidential). However, the importance of developing drug policies that balance access, safety and cost demands not only that we achieve transparency, but also that we do so rapidly. Current efforts toward increasing transparency are slow and often confusing.
Some will regard our recommendations as naive. They will argue that Canada is a small country and that pharmaceutical prices and policy will always be driven by international forces, particularly the American market, which represents half of worldwide drug sales. Our critics will suggest that adopting our proposals would weaken intellectual property rights and result in pharmaceutical companies choosing not to sell their drugs in Canada. This eventuality is unlikely if an international consensus on transparency is developed. Canada should take a leadership role in this area and begin rapidly taking steps to improve transparency in pharmaceutical policy.
@ See related article page 432
Key points of the article
• Transparency in pharmaceutical policy-making would probably lead to increased confidence in the decision-making process and to better decisions.
• In addition to the pharmaceutical industry, researchers, governments, quasi-governmental agencies, payers and medical journals need to make more information available to the public.
• Because no country has full transparency in pharmaceutical policy-making, Canada could be a world leader in this area.
Selected facts about drugs in Canada
• Total expenditure on drugs in 2006: $25.2 billion (forecast)
• Proportion of drug expenditure in Canada funded by the public sector: 38%
• Expenditure on drugs as a percentage of Canadian health care expenditure in 2006: 17.0% (forecast)
• Expenditure on drugs as a percentage of Canadian health care expenditure in 1985: 9.5%
• No. of new drug submissions to Health Canada in 2005: 423
• No. of marketing authorizations issued by Health Canada in 2005: 267
• No. of refusals issued by Health Canada in 2005: 29
• Median time between submissions and authorization for a brand-name priority pharmaceutical: 8.4 months
• No. of submissions received by the Common Drug Review in 2005: 21
• Of these, no. that were recommended for listing on publicly funded drug plan formularies (with or without conditions): 12
• Median time between submissions to the Common Drug Review and its recommendations: 5.7 months
• No. of submissions reviewed by the Pharmaceutical Advertising Advisory Board in 2006: 5281
Sources: Canadian Institute for Health Information, Health Canada, Canadian Agency for Drugs and Technologies in Health, Pharmaceutical Advertising Advisory Board
Footnotes
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This article has been peer reviewed.
Contributors: Both authors drafted and revised the manuscript and approved the final version.
Acknowledgements: We thank Muhammad Mamdani, Bruce Carleton, Joel Lexchin and Ken Bassett for their thoughtful comments on a previous draft of this article.
Competing interests: From 2003 to 2006, Andreas Laupacis was Chair of the Canadian Expert Drug Advisory Committee, the independent advisory body that makes recommendations to publicly funded drug plans as part of the Common Drug Review process. He was compensated for this work. He currently sits on 2 data safety monitoring boards as well as a Novartis advisory board and is paid for this work.
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