Metformin's contraindications should be contraindicated

Metformin has been used for over 40 years for patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus.1 With over 40 million patient-years of use as of 1999,1 there is now evidence that the drug decreases the risk of morbidity and death when used to treat type 2 diabetes.2 However, concern remains over the possible side effect of lactic acidosis, a condition with a mortality of up to 50%.3 Because of this concern, contraindications to the use of metformin have been suggested. In particular, the following 3 are listed in the Compendium of Pharmaceuticals and Specialties:4

Figure.

• Renal impairment, as suggested by elevated serum creatinine levels (≥ 136 mmol/L in men and ≥ 124 mmol/L in women) or abnormal creatinine clearance4

• Congestive heart failure requiring pharmacologic treatment4

• Advanced age (≥ 80 years), unless measurement of creatinine clearance shows that renal function is not reduced5

These specific contraindications cause consternation for clinicians who may wish to prescribe metformin but do not want to put their patients at risk of lactic acidosis or expose themselves to potential legal problems. However, we believe the evidence shows that the benefits of metformin use in patients with contraindications outweigh the risks. In 2002 Calabrese and associates5 reported that 62% of 204 hospital patients taking metformin had at least 1 contraindication or precautionary condition (renal impairment, congestive heart failure, age ≥ 80 years, exposure to contrast media, hepatic disease, excessive alcohol intake, surgery).5 In particular, 14% of the patients taking metformin had an elevated creatinine level and 10% were older than 80. These findings led Calabrese and associates to state that “many patients are treated with metformin despite having clinical conditions that place them at risk for developing lactic acidosis. To minimize this risk, it is essential that prescribers develop a better understanding of the prescribing guidelines for metformin.” Interestingly, despite the presence of these risks, lactic acidosis did not develop in any of the patients in their study. Although these authors' intentions were good, they and other clinicians who avoid metformin use in these patients, in our opinion, have not made an evidence-based decision. In a study from Germany that examined the prescribing of metformin outside of its clinical recommendations, 73% of 308 patients had at least 1 contraindication to the drug; despite this, no cases of lactic acidosis were found.14 In a study from Scotland involving 1847 patients taking metformin, the drug was prescribed outside of guidelines in 24.5% of cases; despite this, only 1 case of lactic acidosis occurred over a 30-month period, and its cause was secondary to cardiac failure.15

An estimate of the absolute benefit of metformin use in terms of macrovascular end points can be taken from the results of the UK Prospective Diabetes Study (UKPDS). In this trial, absolute reductions were observed over 10 years in the number of diabetes-related deaths (by 5%), all-cause mortality (by 7%), myocardial infarction (by 6%) and stroke (by 3%) among patients with newly diagnosed type 2 diabetes who were given metformin compared with those following dietary advice.6 In the same study, the use of insulin and glyburide did not lead to any reductions in the risk of macrovascular disease compared with dietary advice alone. So far, the only other drug with any evidence of reducing macrovascular complications in type 2 diabetes is acarbose.7

The conclusions from the UKPDS and from a recent meta-analysis have been debated.8^,9^,10 It is important to remember, though, that the benefit from using metformin in the UKPDS was observed among patients with newly diagnosed type 2 diabetes, who would likely be at a lower absolute risk of diabetic complications than patients who have had the disease for a few years or have advanced renal or cardiovascular disease.11 Therefore, if anything, the absolute magnitude of the benefit of using metformin in “typical” patients with type 2 diabetes would likely be greater, because their initial absolute risk would be greater.

The benefit of using metformin is fairly clear, but what is the risk of lactic acidosis among these patients? This is a more difficult question to answer. In a recent study by Salpeter and coauthors,12 pooled data from 194 studies showed no cases of lactic acidosis in over 35 000 patient-years of metformin use. It must be remembered that this condition occurs in diabetic patients independent of metformin use. In 1998 Brown and colleagues13 reported on the incidence of lactic acidosis before and after the introduction of the drug in the United States: they found no difference in the incidence rates in 41 000 patient-years. Before the drug's introduction, they placed the rate of lactic acidosis among patients not receiving metformin at 9.7–16.9 events per 100 000.13 The meta-analysis by Salpeter and coauthors12 suggests that the upper limit for the true incidence of lactic acidosis is 9.9 events per 100 000 patient-years among patients with type 2 diabetes not receiving metformin and 8.1 per 100 000 among those taking the drug. In a historical cohort, Stang and colleagues3 suggested a similar rate of lactic acidosis among metformin users at 9 cases per 100 000 patient-years. This suggests that diabetes alone is an equally relevant, if not more relevant, risk factor for lactic acidosis than is metformin use.

In the trials included in the meta-analysis by Salpeter and coauthors,12 16% of the patients were over the age of 65 years, and 44% of the trials allowed for the inclusion of patients with renal insufficiency, usually defined as a serum creatinine level of more than 132 mmol/L. Of the studies, 96% allowed for the inclusion of patients with hypoxemic comorbidities such as renal insufficiency, cardiovascular disease, liver disease or pulmonary disease; however, these authors were unable to determine how many patients with these conditions were included in the clinical trials, and so it is not possible to determine the specific incidence of lactic acidosis among patients with these supposed contraindications. Nonetheless, the incidence of lactic acidosis in these studies was still zero.

Case studies have shown an association between reduced renal function, as indicated by elevated serum creatinine levels, and the incidence of lactic acidosis.11^,16^,17^,18 Sulkin and coauthors17 described 2 patients with reduced renal function (serum creatinine levels 150 and 203 mmol/L) in whom lactic acidosis developed while they were taking metformin. Misbin and colleagues19 found that, of 20 patients who died of lactic acidosis while taking metformin, 80% had significant renal impairment; the authors stated that lactate accumulation can result from renal impairment and its association with metformin use may have been coincidental.19 In addition, metformin-associated lactic acidosis can develop in patients with normal serum creatinine levels. There are published reports of 3 patients in whom lactic acidosis developed without there having been any indications of conditions that would increase the risk of this complication.20^,21 All of the patients' hepatic, cardiac and renal functions were within normal limits, and all of the patients were taking normal doses of metformin (500 mg, 850 mg and 1000 mg, respectively, twice daily). In 1 case, the woman was underweight and died; possible intentional overdose of metformin could not be ruled out. In the other 2 cases, metformin therapy was stopped, and the patients recovered.20^,21 An earlier case study described 6 patients with lactic acidosis whose serum creatinine levels ranged from 90 to 274 mmol/L before diagnosis and from 168 to 663 mmol/L after diagnosis;22 however, 3 of the patients, whose creatinine levels were normal, had undergone treatment involving contrast media. This may have been the reason for the development of lactic acidosis, although there is a lack of evidence to support a recommendation to withhold metformin therapy after the use of contrast media in patients with normal renal function.23

When the 79 cases of lactic acidosis in the literature are analyzed together, a unifying theme appears to emerge. Studies have shown that plasma metformin levels were not correlated to blood lactate levels, which raises the question of whether metformin is a causal factor in lactic acidosis.16^,23 Lactic acidosis is associated with acute events such as myocardial infarction or congestive heart failure, acute renal insufficiency and sepsis. These 79 cases resulted after an estimated 1.1 million patient-years of metformin use, and in 37% of the cases the patient had a cardiac condition (myocardial infarction or congestive heart failure), in 24% an acute renal condition, in 8% an acute hepatic condition and in 4% sepsis. In all of these cases the underlying conditions could have themselves caused the lactic acidosis, so it is difficult to identify the degree to which metformin was responsible.

There is little, if any, research exploring rates of lactic acidosis among metformin users with rates among users of other oral hypoglycemic agents.3 It appears that the incidence of metformin-associated lactic acidosis is not much different than the baseline incidence among people with type 2 diabetes. Even if the presence of renal failure increased the incidence of lactic acidosis 10-fold over baseline, the incidence would still be only about 1% over 10 years (with a baseline rate of 10 per 100 000 patient-years, the 10-fold increase would result in a rate of 100 per 100 000 patient-years, which would be about 1 per 1000 patient-years, or 1% over 10 years). The benefit of using metformin would be a reduction of 5% in diabetes-related deaths, 7% in all-cause mortality, 6% in myocardial infarction and 3% in stroke.

Given the above information, it is clear that, even among patients with the so-called “contraindications,” the magnitude of the benefit of metformin therapy would clearly outweigh any potential risk. What, then, should clinicians do about this issue? They need to decide whether the above evidence warrants a discussion about the specific risk of lactic acidosis. If the issue of lactic acidosis is of enough concern to them, this issue should be discussed not only with patients taking metformin, but also with any patient who has type 2 diabetes, because the risk is really not a lot different. Perhaps a reasonable approach is to tell patients, as one should when prescribing any drug therapy, that if any unexplained symptoms develop such as nausea or vomiting, abdominal pain, rapid breathing, difficulty breathing, chest pain, weakening of the muscles in the legs and arms, diarrhea, skin rash and confusion, one of the potential reasons for these symptoms could be the drug but it could also possibly mean another medical condition. Regardless, if these symptoms occur, patients should seek prompt medical attention.

Using metformin in a patient of advanced age (≥ 80 years) or in a patient who has reduced renal function requires one to consider the potential for decreased elimination ability. Unfortunately for metformin, there really is no solid evidence to guide clinicians as to what to do. A reasonable approach might be, as with all patients, to start with a low dose (250 mg twice daily) and increase the dose weekly, based on tolerance and effect of the drug on the surrogate end point of blood glucose level, to a maximum dose of 2000– 2500 mg/d. Based on general pharmacokinetic principles, rather than avoid the drug completely, it would be reasonable to reduce the maximum dose by about 50% in a patient with an estimated creatinine clearance of less than 1.0 mL/s.

In conclusion, the evidence at present suggests that the use of metformin in patients who are over the age of 80 years, have congestive heart failure or have renal insufficiency leads to a benefit that far outweighs the potential harm. We would suggest that it is a “contraindication” to not use metformin in people with type 2 diabetes with these contraindications.

𝛃 See related article page 505