Reason for posting: Aristolochic acid, a naturally occurring herbal toxin that can cause cancer and end-stage kidney failure, has been the subject of warnings since 1999 from several international regulatory agencies. Canadian manufacturers, importers and retailers were directed in 2001 to remove all herbal products containing aristolochic acid from their shelves.1 However, Health Canada recently reissued a warning that consumers avoid such products2 amid concerns that the products are still widely available through the Internet.3 The Hong Kong Department of Health also recently published a list of specific brands of Chinese medicines known to contain aristolochic acid that should not be consumed (available in an online appendix at www.cmaj.ca/cgi/content/full/171/5/449/DC1).
The drug: Evidence of aristolochic acid's toxicity in animals has accumulated since the 1980s. Its toxicity in humans received widespread attention 4 years ago when a case series was published describing urinary tract cancers, nephropathy and renal failure in more than 100 women in Belgium who had taken weight-reducing pills containing aristolochic acid.4 Aristolochic acid, which is among the most potent 2% of carcinogens known,3 is derived principally from plants of the genus Aristolochia but may also be found in products containing several other botanicals (Box 1). Natural health products containing aristolochic acid are often sold as traditional Chinese medicines meant to effect weight loss, improve the immune system or alleviate gastrointestinal symptoms, menstrual complaints, cough and allergies. As with most herbal products, there is little and often no evidence from clinical trials of their efficacy for any of these benefits. No adverse effects related to aristolochic acid exposure have yet been reported in Canada.
What to do: Language barriers may prevent many health care practitioners from effectively verifying the ingredients listed on many Chinese herbal products. Instead, patients using Chinese herbal products should be warned to ensure that the products they are using do not contain the ingredients in question (Box 1) and are not one of the brands that have been recalled (see online appendix). Patients with suspected exposure to aristolochic acid should be monitored for signs of urinary tract tumours and nephropathy.
Eric Wooltorton CMAJ
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