COPD death rates: projecting a female trajectory

Fig. 1: Stepwise approach to the management of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD). FEV₁ = forced expiratory volume in the first second, Rx AECOPD = treatment of acute exacerbations of COPD, Sx = surgery (lung volume reduction surgery or transplantation). [Reproduced, with permission, from O'Donnell et al.1]