Skip to main content

Main menu

  • Home
  • COVID-19
    • Articles & podcasts
    • Blog posts
    • Collection
    • News
  • Content
    • Current issue
    • Past issues
    • Early releases
    • Collections
    • Sections
    • Blog
    • Infographics & illustrations
    • Podcasts
    • Classified ads
  • Authors
    • Overview for authors
    • Submission guidelines
    • Submit a manuscript
    • Forms
    • Editorial process
    • Editorial policies
    • Peer review process
    • Publication fees
    • Reprint requests
  • CMA Members
    • Overview for members
    • Earn CPD Credits
    • Print copies of CMAJ
    • Career Ad Discount
  • Subscribers
    • General information
    • View prices
  • Alerts
    • Email alerts
    • RSS
  • JAMC
    • À propos
    • Numéro en cours
    • Archives
    • Sections
    • Abonnement
    • Alertes
  • CMAJ JOURNALS
    • CMAJ Open
    • CJS
    • JAMC
    • JPN

User menu

Search

  • Advanced search
CMAJ
  • CMAJ JOURNALS
    • CMAJ Open
    • CJS
    • JAMC
    • JPN
CMAJ

Advanced Search

  • Home
  • COVID-19
    • Articles & podcasts
    • Blog posts
    • Collection
    • News
  • Content
    • Current issue
    • Past issues
    • Early releases
    • Collections
    • Sections
    • Blog
    • Infographics & illustrations
    • Podcasts
    • Classified ads
  • Authors
    • Overview for authors
    • Submission guidelines
    • Submit a manuscript
    • Forms
    • Editorial process
    • Editorial policies
    • Peer review process
    • Publication fees
    • Reprint requests
  • CMA Members
    • Overview for members
    • Earn CPD Credits
    • Print copies of CMAJ
    • Career Ad Discount
  • Subscribers
    • General information
    • View prices
  • Alerts
    • Email alerts
    • RSS
  • JAMC
    • À propos
    • Numéro en cours
    • Archives
    • Sections
    • Abonnement
    • Alertes
  • Visit CMAJ on Facebook
  • Follow CMAJ on Twitter
  • Follow CMAJ on Pinterest
  • Follow CMAJ on Youtube
  • Follow CMAJ on Instagram
Public Health

The weak connection between venous thromboembolism and air travel

Erica Weir
CMAJ April 03, 2001 164 (7) 1037;
Erica Weir
CMAJ
  • Find this author on Google Scholar
  • Find this author on PubMed
  • Search for this author on this site
  • Article
  • Responses
  • Metrics
  • PDF
Loading

Epidemiology: The association between air travel and the risk of venous thromboembolism (VTE) is widely publicized and suspected, the theory being that venous stasis caused by prolonged sitting in a cramped airplane increases the risk of VTE. Since Virchow established his classical triad of endothelial lesion, venous stasis and hypercoaguability in 1856, several risk factors related to the development of VTE have emerged: family history of VTE, pregnancy and the puerperium, malignant disease, hormone therapy, age, history of trauma and an array of inherited blood disorders.1 During an era when millions of people embark on long flights throughout the world every year, should a recent history of air travel be added to this list as an independent risk factor for VTE in the general population?

Extrapolation from laboratory evidence renders this association plausible. A person's venous flow velocity is two-thirds lower when sitting than when lying down,2 and compression of the popliteal vein on the edge of the seat could contribute to venous stasis. Cabin-related conditions such as low air pressure and relative hypoxia appear to decrease fibrinolytic activity3 and increase markers of activated coagulation.4 Healthy people exposed to an 8-hour simulated flight at an altitude of about 2400 m with 10% humidity had increased mean plasma and urine osmolality, indicating dehydration.5 These conditions may contribute to the development of VTE.

Yet the epidemiologic data, most of which are derived from retrospective cases reports, are less convincing and suggest that, despite media alerts, VTE following air travel is a rare event carrying minimal absolute risk. In one study, every patient with VTE treated in 5 hospitals serving a relatively fixed population of 650 000 people in northeast England over a 12-month period was asked about travel in the 4 weeks before diagnosis. Twenty-six patients (4.1%) were identified from among the 634 patients in whom a VTE developed, giving an annual incidence of travel-related VTE of 0.4 per 10 000 in this population.6 This estimate is similar to the risk of VTE in a young adult in the general northern European population (1 per 10 000).1 The finding has led some scientists to speculate whether the association between VTE and air travel is mere circumstance.7,8

In a small case–control study comparing the travel history of 160 patients in hospital because of VTE and the travel history of 160 control patients admitted to a cardiology unit, the VTE-related odds ratio was 3.98 (95% confidence interval 1.9–8.4) among patients who had travelled within 4 weeks before admission.9 Twenty-nine (75%) of the 39 VTE patients with a history of recent travel had no secondary cause and were deemed to have idiopathic VTE, as compared with 46 (38%) of the 121 patients without a history of recent travel. However, studies of this design may be limited by recall bias and the selective choice of control groups, both of which may overestimate the risk associated with travel. Controlled prospective studies are required to identify the incidence of this condition and those at risk. The current available evidence indicates that the association between symptomatic VTE and air travel is weak and its incidence much less than that implied by the recent publicity surrounding the case of a 27-year-old woman who died of pulmonary embolism after disembarking from a flight from Australia to London.

Clinical management: The spectrum of symptoms for VTE range from tenderness or swelling in the calf to phlegmasia cerulea dolens. The leg thrombosis may be asymptomatic, so that the first symptoms may be chest pain, dyspnea or atrial fibrillation after the pulmonary embolism has occurred. The standard examination of a leg thrombosis is a colour duplex Doppler scan, followed by ascending venography if the scan result is equivocal. The diagnosis of pulmonary embolism is based on a combination of clinical signs and ventilation-perfusion lung scan, pulmonary angiography or pulmonary CT angiography.10 Prolonged antithrombotic therapy with heparin and warfarin is the mainstay of treatment.

Prevention: Until better evidence is available, there is no firm foundation for preventive advice. For patients with no risk factors, the general recommendations — drink plenty of water, stretch frequently and change position — can do no harm. Patients with risk factors may be advised to wear compression stockings or to take ASA or low-molecular-weight heparin, depending on their level of perceived risk.1,7

References

  1. 1.↵
    Kesteven P. Traveller's thrombosis. Thorax 2000;55(Suppl 1):S32-6.
  2. 2.↵
    Wright HP, Osborn SB. Effect of posture on venous velocity measured with NaCl. Br Heart J 1952;14:325-30.
    OpenUrlFREE Full Text
  3. 3.↵
    Gertler JP, Perry L, L'Italien G, Chung-Welch N, Cambrian R, Orkin R, et al. Ambient oxygen tension modulates endothelial fibrinolysis. J Vasc Surg 1993;18:939-46.
    OpenUrlCrossRefPubMed
  4. 4.↵
    Bendz B, Rostrup M, Sevre K, Andersen TO, Sandset PM. Association between acute hypobaric hypoxia and activation of coagulation in human beings. Lancet 2000;356:1657-8.
    OpenUrlCrossRefPubMed
  5. 5.↵
    Simons R, Krol J. Jet “leg,” pulmonary embolism and hypoxia [letter]. Lancet 1996;348:416.
    OpenUrlPubMed
  6. 6.↵
    Kesteven P, Robinson B. Clinical risk factors for venous thrombosis associated with air travel. Aviat Space Environ Med 2001;72(2):125-8.
    OpenUrlPubMed
  7. 7.↵
    Geroulakos G. The risk of venous thromboembolism from air travel: the evidence is only circumstantial. BMJ 2001;322:188.
    OpenUrlFREE Full Text
  8. 8.↵
    Davis RM. Pulmonary embolism occurs in some air travellers by chance alone [electronic letter]. eBMJ. Available: bmj.com/cgi/eletters/322 /7280/188#EL5 (accessed 2001 Feb 27).
  9. 9.↵
    Ferrari E, Chevallier T, Chapelier A, Baudouy M. Travel as a risk factor for venous thromboembolic disease. Chest 1999;115:440-4.
    OpenUrlCrossRefPubMed
  10. 10.↵
    Arfvidsson B, Eklof B, Kistner R, Masuda E, Sato D. Risk factors for venous thromboembolism following prolonged air travel. Coach class thrombosis. Hematol Oncol Clin North Am 2000;14(2):391-400.
    OpenUrlCrossRefPubMed
PreviousNext
Back to top

In this issue

CMAJ
Vol. 164, Issue 7
3 Apr 2001
  • Table of Contents
  • Index by author
  • Canadian Adverse Drug Reaction Newsletter (1038-1045)

Article tools

Respond to this article
Print
Download PDF
Article Alerts
To sign up for email alerts or to access your current email alerts, enter your email address below:
Email Article

Thank you for your interest in spreading the word on CMAJ.

NOTE: We only request your email address so that the person you are recommending the page to knows that you wanted them to see it, and that it is not junk mail. We do not capture any email address.

Enter multiple addresses on separate lines or separate them with commas.
The weak connection between venous thromboembolism and air travel
(Your Name) has sent you a message from CMAJ
(Your Name) thought you would like to see the CMAJ web site.
CAPTCHA
This question is for testing whether or not you are a human visitor and to prevent automated spam submissions.
Citation Tools
The weak connection between venous thromboembolism and air travel
Erica Weir
CMAJ Apr 2001, 164 (7) 1037;

Citation Manager Formats

  • BibTeX
  • Bookends
  • EasyBib
  • EndNote (tagged)
  • EndNote 8 (xml)
  • Medlars
  • Mendeley
  • Papers
  • RefWorks Tagged
  • Ref Manager
  • RIS
  • Zotero
‍ Request Permissions
Share
The weak connection between venous thromboembolism and air travel
Erica Weir
CMAJ Apr 2001, 164 (7) 1037;
Digg logo Reddit logo Twitter logo Facebook logo Google logo Mendeley logo
  • Tweet Widget
  • Facebook Like
  • Google Plus One

Jump to section

  • Article
    • References
  • Responses
  • Metrics
  • PDF

Related Articles

  • No related articles found.
  • PubMed
  • Google Scholar

Cited By...

  • Air travel and thromboembolism
  • Google Scholar

More in this TOC Section

  • Seasonal drinking: Let's avoid the “January effect”
  • Influenza in children
  • Latent tuberculosis: revised treatment guidelines
Show more Public Health

Similar Articles

Content

  • Current issue
  • Past issues
  • Collections
  • Sections
  • Blog
  • Podcasts
  • Alerts
  • RSS
  • Early releases

Information for

  • Advertisers
  • Authors
  • Reviewers
  • CMA Members
  • Media
  • Reprint requests
  • Subscribers

About

  • General Information
  • Journal staff
  • Editorial Board
  • Governance Council
  • Journal Oversight
  • Careers
  • Contact
  • Copyright and Permissions

Copyright 2021, Joule Inc. or its licensors. All rights reserved. ISSN 1488-2329 (e) 0820-3946 (p)

All editorial matter in CMAJ represents the opinions of the authors and not necessarily those of the Canadian Medical Association or its subsidiaries.

Powered by HighWire