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Commentary

High-flow nasal cannula oxygen therapy in acute hypoxemic respiratory failure: Proceed with caution

Shailesh Bihari and Andrew D. Bersten
CMAJ February 21, 2017 189 (7) E258-E259; DOI: https://doi.org/10.1503/cmaj.161303
Shailesh Bihari
Intensive and Critical Care Unit (Bihari, Bersten), Flinders Medical Centre; Department of Critical Care Medicine (Bihari, Bersten), Flinders University, Bedford Park, South Australia
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Andrew D. Bersten
Intensive and Critical Care Unit (Bihari, Bersten), Flinders Medical Centre; Department of Critical Care Medicine (Bihari, Bersten), Flinders University, Bedford Park, South Australia
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  • For correspondence: [email protected]

High-flow nasal cannula (HFNC) oxygen therapy is a relatively recent innovation in adult critical care units. It delivers warm humidified oxygen at high flow rates (between 15 and 60 L/min) through a small nasal interface. Humidification at high flow rates contributes to remarkably good tolerance. Because HFNC oxygen therapy is both relatively simple to apply and comfortable, its use has become almost routine without necessarily being subjected to careful clinical evaluation. The broad indication for HFNC oxygen therapy is acute hypoxemic respiratory failure. In a linked research article, Ou and colleagues1 report on their meta-analysis of data from six randomized controlled trials (n = 1892) comparing outcomes of HFNC oxygen therapy for this indication with either conventional oxygen therapy or noninvasive ventilation. They found that the proportion of patients who required endotracheal intubation in the HFNC oxygen therapy group was significantly lower than the proportion in the conventional oxygen therapy group but similar to that in the noninvasive ventilation group.1

Conventional oxygen therapy cyclically increases the inspired oxygen concentration in the upper airway, which is then diluted by entrained air. In contrast, HFNC oxygen therapy offers (a) a gas flow rate closer to the patient’s inspiratory flow rate, (b) flow-dependent continuous positive airway pressure with increased end-expiratory lung volume and (c) washout of upper-airway carbon dioxide to decrease physiologic dead space, with the last two mechanisms possibly contributing to reduce the work of breathing.2–4

Because the prevention of endotracheal intubation avoids or reduces the associated complications such as local trauma, ventilator-associated pneumonia, sedation and muscle weakness, this may be an important outcome. However, our understanding of the role of noninvasive ventilation for acute respiratory failure is now based on more robust outcome measures (e.g., hospital mortality) and target-specific patient cohorts, and an awareness of the possible adverse effects of delayed intubation.5 Given the similarity of intent, we should subject HFNC oxygen therapy to the same scrutiny as noninvasive ventilation.

Delayed intubation in patients receiving HFNC oxygen therapy is associated with increased ICU mortality.6 Possible mechanisms include risks associated with re-intubation itself, delays in diagnosis owing to a lack of definitive airway access (e.g., less definitive specimens for microbiology and cytology, poorer clearance of airway secretions and concern regarding stability for computed tomography), and uncontrolled lung stretch, with high transpulmonary pressure and hydrostatic pressure contributing to lung injury.7 Without HFNC oxygen therapy, earlier intubation might allow better management of some of these otherwise covert problems.

Hypercapnic respiratory failure remains the primary indication for noninvasive ventilation in hospital. The role of noninvasive ventilation in acute hypoxemic respiratory failure is less certain,5 including its use in immunocompromised patients, who were previously thought to be a target group.8 This raises important questions when considering use of HFNC oxygen therapy. In the metaanalysis by Ou and colleagues,1 was noninvasive ventilation an appropriate comparator? Also, when and in which specific cohorts should HFNC oxygen therapy be used?

For more than 80% of the patients analyzed by Ou and colleagues, the aim of the trial was to prevent re-intubation, which was required in 10%–20% of the patients.9–11 Only one study12 examined a large cohort of patients with de novo acute hypoxemic respiratory failure. Although the study reported no reduction in the intubation rate with HFNC oxygen therapy, it did report an impressive improvement in both ICU survival and survival at 90 days; however, 38% of the participants in the HFNC group required intubation.

These findings underscore the importance of managing patients who have acute hypoxemic respiratory failure in an appropriate environment with rapid access to a skilled team and the need for further studies to help define the clinical circumstances in which to use or not use HFNC oxygen therapy. When endotracheal intubation is required, lung protective ventilation should be used immediately, along with appropriate diagnostic investigation.

KEY POINTS
  • Among patients with hypoxemic respiratory failure, high-flow nasal cannula (HFNC) oxygen therapy results in fewer patients requiring re-intubation when compared with conventional oxygen therapy.

  • A high proportion of patients with de novo acute hypoxemic respiratory failure require intubation when managed with HFNC oxygen therapy.

  • Delayed intubation is associated with increased ICU mortality.

  • A skilled team and an appropriate environment are required to manage patients who have acute hypoxemic respiratory failure with HFNC oxygen therapy.

Footnotes

  • See also www.cmaj.ca/lookup/doi/10.1503/cmaj.160570

  • Competing interests: None declared.

  • This article was solicited and has not been peer reviewed.

  • Contributors: Both authors contributed equally to the ideas and writing of the manuscript, reviewed the final version to be published and agreed to act as guarantors of the work.

References

    1. Ou X,
    2. Hua Y,
    3. Liu J,
    4. et al
    . Effect of high-flow nasal cannula oxygen therapy in adults with acute hypoxemic respiratory failure: a meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials. CMAJ 2017; 189:E260–7.
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    2. Miller TL,
    3. Wolfson MR,
    4. et al
    . Research in high flow therapy: mechanisms of action. Respir Med 2009;103:1400–5.
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    .; Canadian Critical Care Trials Group/Canadian Critical Care Society Noninvasive Ventilation Guidelines Group. Clinical practice guidelines for the use of non-invasive positive-pressure ventilation and noninvasive continuous positive airway pressure in the acute care setting. CMAJ 2011; 183:E195–214.
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    . Spontaneous breathing during mechanical ventilation — risks, mechanisms and management. Am J Respir Crit Care Med 2016 Oct. 27. [Epub ahead of print]. doi:10.1164/rccm.201604-0748CP.
    1. Lemiale V,
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    . Effect of noninvasive ventilation vs oxygen therapy on mortality among immunocompromised patients with acute respiratory failure: a randomized clinical trial. JAMA 2015;314:1711–9.
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    . High-flow nasal oxygen vs noninvasive positive airway pressure in hypoxemic patients after cardiothoracic surgery: a randomized clinical trial. JAMA 2015;313:2331–9.
    1. Hernández G,
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    . Effect of postextubation high-flow nasal cannula vs conventional oxygen therapy on reintubation in low-risk patients: a randomized clinical trial. JAMA 2016;315:1354–61.
    1. Frat JP,
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    4. et al
    .; FLORALI Study Group. REVA Network. High-flow oxygen through nasal cannula in acute hypoxemic respiratory failure. N Engl J Med 2015; 372: 2185–96.

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Copyright 2018, Joule Inc. or its licensors. All rights reserved. ISSN 1488-2329 (e) 0820-3946 (p)

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