Document Reviewers: Rudolf A. de Boer (CPG Review Coordinator) (Netherlands), P.
Christian Schulze (CPG Review Coordinator) (Germany), Magdy Abdelhamid (Egypt), Victor …

Background Sodium–glucose cotransporter 2 inhibitors reduce the risk of hospitalization for
heart failure in patients with heart failure and a reduced ejection fraction, but their effects in …

Background Sodium–glucose cotransporter 2 (SGLT2) inhibitors reduce the risk of hospitalization
for heart failure in patients regardless of the presence or absence of diabetes. More …

ESC Guidelines 3039 administrative staff and by the referees and supervisory committees
of the two organizations. It is our hope that this huge effort has generated guidelines that will …

The task of developing ESC Guidelines covers not only the integration of the most recent
research, but also the creation of educational tools and implementation programmes for the …

Background Experimental and clinical data suggest that reducing inflammation without
affecting lipid levels may reduce the risk of cardiovascular disease. Yet, the inflammatory …

To develop a framework for the definition and classification of cancer cachexia a panel of
experts participated in a formal consensus process, including focus groups and two Delphi …

On December 13th and 14th a group of scientists and clinicians met in Washington, DC, for
the cachexia consensus conference. At the present time, there is no widely agreed upon …

Frailty is a clinical state in which there is an increase in an individual’s vulnerability for
developing increased dependency and/or mortality when exposed to a stressor. Frailty can occur …

Making a firm diagnosis of chronic heart failure with preserved ejection fraction (HFpEF)
remains a challenge. We recommend a new stepwise diagnostic process, the ‘HFA–PEFF …