Background: The prevention of head injuries in alpine activities has focused on helmets.
However, no systematic review has examined the effect of helmets on head and neck injuries …

Legged robots offer a more versatile solution to traversing outdoor uneven terrain compared
to their wheeled and tracked counterparts. They also provide a unique opportunity to …

Some invasive hymenopteran social insects found new populations with very few
reproductive individuals. This is despite the high cost of founder effects for such insects, which …

Eukaryotes carry numerous asexual cytoplasmic genomes (mitochondria and plastids).
Lacking recombination, asexual genomes should theoretically suffer from impaired adaptive …

Why are mitochondria almost always inherited from one parent during sexual reproduction?
Current explanations for this evolutionary mystery include conflict avoidance between the …

A long-standing unresolved question is how uniparentally inherited mitochondria evade
Muller’s ratchet. Radzvilavicius, Kokko, and Christie... Mitochondria are ATP-producing …

Although the uniparental (or maternal) inheritance of mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) is widespread,
the reasons for its evolution remain unclear. Two main hypotheses have been proposed…

The hallmark of eusociality is the division of labour between reproductive (queen) and
nonreproductive (worker) females. Yet in many eusocial insects, workers retain the ability to …

The selected effects or ‘etiological’ theory of Proper function is a naturalistic and realist
account of biological teleology. It is used to analyse normativity in philosophy of language, …

Sex is ancestral in eukaryotes. Meiotic sex differs from bacterial ways of exchanging genetic
material by involving the fusion of two cells. We examine the hypothesis that fusion evolved …