Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) is a global health problem, and since 2001,
the Global Initiative for Chronic Obstructive Lung Disease (GOLD) has published its strategy …

Macrophages are endowed with a variety of receptors for lineage-determining growth factors,
T helper (Th) cell cytokines, and B cell, host, and microbial products. In tissues, …

The concept of an alternative pathway of macrophage activation has stimulated interest in its
definition, mechanism, and functional significance in homeostasis and disease. We assess …

Background The Standards for the Diagnosis and Treatment of Patients with COPD
document 2004 updates the position papers on chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) …

The aetiology of asthma and allergic disease remains poorly understood, despite considerable
research. The International Study of Asthma and Allergies in Childhood (ISAAC), was …

Background Sodium–glucose cotransporter 2 (SGLT2) inhibitors reduce the risk of hospitalization
for heart failure and cardiovascular death among patients with chronic heart failure …

This document is an international evidence-based guideline on the diagnosis and management
of idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis, and is a collaborative effort of the American Thoracic …

Background Aldosterone blockade reduces mortality and morbidity among patients with
severe heart failure. We conducted a double-blind, placebo-controlled study evaluating the …

Background In patients with type 2 diabetes, inhibitors of sodium–glucose cotransporter 2 (SGLT2)
reduce the risk of a first hospitalization for heart failure, possibly through glucose-…

This Executive Summary of the Global Strategy for the Diagnosis, Management, and Prevention
of COPD, Global Initiative for Chronic Obstructive Lung Disease (GOLD) 2017 report …