Berkson's bias, selection bias, and missing data

Epidemiology. 2012 Jan;23(1):159-64. doi: 10.1097/EDE.0b013e31823b6296.

Abstract

Although Berkson's bias is widely recognized in the epidemiologic literature, it remains underappreciated as a model of both selection bias and bias due to missing data. Simple causal diagrams and 2 × 2 tables illustrate how Berkson's bias connects to collider bias and selection bias more generally, and show the strong analogies between Berksonian selection bias and bias due to missing data. In some situations, considerations of whether data are missing at random or missing not at random are less important than the causal structure of the missing data process. Although dealing with missing data always relies on strong assumptions about unobserved variables, the intuitions built with simple examples can provide a better understanding of approaches to missing data in real-world situations.

Publication types

  • Research Support, N.I.H., Extramural

MeSH terms

  • Anti-HIV Agents / therapeutic use
  • Bias*
  • Data Interpretation, Statistical*
  • Female
  • HIV Infections / drug therapy
  • HIV Infections / epidemiology
  • Humans
  • Pregnancy
  • Pregnancy Complications, Infectious / drug therapy
  • Pregnancy Complications, Infectious / epidemiology
  • Research Design
  • Selection Bias*

Substances

  • Anti-HIV Agents