Figures
Abstract
Background
Pneumonia patients with wheezing due to influenza A(H1N1)pdm09 were frequently treated with systemic corticosteroids in Japan although systemic corticosteroid for critically ill patients with pneumonia caused by influenza A(H1N1)pdm09 has been controversial. Applicability of systemic corticosteroid treatment needs to be evaluated.
Methods/Principal Findings
We retrospectively reviewed 89 subjects who were diagnosed with influenza A(H1N1)pdm09 and admitted to a national hospital, Tokyo during the pandemic period. The median age of subjects (45 males) was 8 years (range, 0–71). All subjects were treated with antiviral agents and the median time from symptom onset to initiation of antiviral agents was 2 days (range, 0–7). Subjects were classified into four groups: upper respiratory tract infection, wheezing illness, pneumonia with wheezing, and pneumonia without wheezing. The characteristics of each group was evaluated. A history of asthma was found more frequently in the wheezing illness (55.6%) and pneumonia with wheezing (43.3%) groups than in the other two groups (p = 0.017). Corticosteroid treatment was assessed among subjects with pneumonia. Oxygen saturation was lower in subjects receiving corticosteroids (steroid group) than in subjects not receiving corticosteroids (no-steroid group) (p<0.001). The steroid group required greater oxygen supply than the no-steroid group (p<0.001). No significant difference was found by the Kaplan-Meier method between the steroid and the no-steroid groups in hours to fever alleviation from the initiation of antiviral agents and hospitalization days. In logistic regression analysis, wheezing, pneumonia and oxygen saturation were independent factors associated with using systemic corticosteroids.
Conclusion
Patients with wheezing and a history of asthma were frequently found in the study subjects. Systemic corticosteroids together with early administration of antiviral agents to pneumonia with wheezing and possibly without wheezing did not result in negative clinical outcomes and may prevent progression to severe pneumonia in this study population.
Citation: Kudo K, Takasaki J, Manabe T, Uryu H, Yamada R, Kuroda E, et al. (2012) Systemic Corticosteroids and Early Administration of Antiviral Agents for Pneumonia with Acute Wheezing due to Influenza A(H1N1)pdm09 in Japan. PLoS ONE 7(2): e32280. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0032280
Editor: Steven J. Drews, University of Calgary & ProvLab Alberta, Canada
Received: November 10, 2011; Accepted: January 24, 2012; Published: February 29, 2012
Copyright: © 2012 Kudo et al. This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original author and source are credited.
Funding: The work was supported by the Ministry of Health, Labour and Welfare for the proggram No. H22-emerging infectious diseases and influenza-002. The funders had no role in study design, data collection and analysis, decision to publish, or preparation of the manuscript.
Competing interests: The authors have declared that no competing interests exist.
Introduction
Although systemic corticosteroid treatment for severe pneumonia due to influenza A(H1N1)pdm09 has been controversial [1], [2], [3], systemic corticosteroid treatment in pneumonia patients especially presenting with acute wheezing induced by influenza A(H1N1)pdm09 was frequently administered at the early stage of their illness in hospitals in Japan during pandemic period. Wheezing is the end result of a narrowing of the intrathoracic airways and a limitation of expiratory air flow and is caused by many illnesses. Asthma and bronchiolitis were the main illnesses which caused wheezing in influenza A(H1N1)pdm09 virus infection [4], [5], [6], [7], [8]. Acute exacerbation of asthma is usually diagnosed in patients with wheezing and a history of asthma. It is treated with anti-asthma agents as well as systematic corticosteroids depending on the disease severity following the asthma treatment guidelines [9], [10], [11]. On the other hand, a previous study in preschool children with acute virus-induced wheezing indicated that systemic corticosteroid treatment was not superior to placebo [12]. Also, a study in infants with bronchiolitis concluded that treatment with systemic corticosteroid did not significantly affect hospitalization [13]. It has been physicians' questions whether pneumonia patients presenting with wheezing need to be treated with systemic corticosteroid during the pandemic period.
The aim of the present study was to evaluate if systemic corticosteroid treatment is suitable for hospitalized pneumonia patients with acute wheezing caused by influenza A(H1N1)pdm09.
Materials and Methods
Study design
We retrospectively reviewed the clinical data, chest radiologic and laboratory findings of all hospitalized patients diagnosed with pandemic influenza A(H1N1)pdm09, admitted between August 2009 and March 2010 to the National Center for Global Health and Medicine (NCGM), which is a tertiary care hospital in Tokyo, Japan. Influenza A(H1N1)pdm09 infection was diagnosed according to case definitions developed by the World Health Organization [14]. Respiratory tract specimens of patients were either tested positive for the influenza A(H1N1)pdm09 virus by real-time reverse-transcriptase-polymerase-chain-reaction (RT-PCR) or tested positive for influenza A virus by ImunoAce Flu® (TAUNS Laboratories, Inc.) or Espline® (Fujirebio Inc.), rapid diagnosis tests using an immunochromatography assay, which are approved by the Ministry of Health, Welfare, and Labour, Japan. Among all hospitalized patients, subjects who presented with respiratory disorders were eligible as study subjects and classified into four groups based on their respiratory disorders: upper respiratory tract infection, wheezing illness, pneumonia with wheezing, and pneumonia without wheezing (Figure 1). The four groups were compared and evaluated in terms of the relationships among clinical conditions, clinical time course, and treatments. The clinical effects for systemic corticosteroids treatment were evaluated among the subjects with pneumonia. Also, clinical factors which leaded to prescribe systemic corticosteroids were assessed among the study subjects. Systemic corticosteroid was administered based on the treatment for acute exacerbation of asthma in the asthma guidelines [9], [10], [11]. Wheezing was defined as a continuous high pitched sound emitting from the chest during expiration on auscultation. Pneumonia was diagnosed on the basis of infiltrative shadows on chest radiograph.
A total of 104 patients were diagnosed with pandemic influenza A(H1N1)pdm09. Five patients (one of whom died) were admitted to the ICU and were excluded from the study. The remaining 99 patients were the study subjects. Among them, 89 subjects presented with respiratory disorders and 10 presented with symptoms other than respiratory disorders, including encephalopathy. The subjects with respiratory disorders were classified into the following four groups: upper respiratory tract infection (n = 22), wheezing illness (n = 9), pneumonia with wheezing (n = 30), and pneumonia without wheezing (n = 28). The total number of subjects with pneumonia was 58.
Statistical analysis
Subjects' background data and clinical laboratory values were summarized and compared among groups of respiratory disorders as well as between those who did (steroid group) and did not (no-steroid group) receive systemic corticosteroid treatment. The Mann-Whitney test and Kruskal-Wallis test were used for continuous variables, and the Chi-square test and Fisher's exact test were used for categorical variables. Survival curves on the numbers of hours to fever alleviation from initiation of administration of antiviral agents and the duration of hospitalization in the steroid and the no-steroid groups were analyzed by the Kaplan-Meier method and comparisons were made using the log-rank test. For the evaluation of independent factors for using systemic corticosteroid treatment, a step-wise selection method was used to select significant factors if p<0.1 in the univariate analysis for a logistic regression analysis. Data analyses were conducted using SPSS statistics ver.19 (IBM, Armonk, NY, USA). For all analyses, significance levels were two tailed, and a p value of <0.05 was considered significant.
Ethics statement
The study was approved by the Institutional Review Board of the NCGM. Informed consent was waived by the Board for this retrospective study, with the study notification to public being made by posters. Investigators kept the datasets in password-protected systems and presented data with the anonymity of study patients retained.
Results
Characteristics of the study subjects
During the study period, a total 104 patients were diagnosed with influenza A(H1N1)pdm09 and admitted to the NCGM. Among them, 89 (85.6%) patients who presented with respiratory disorders were eligible as study subjects (Figure 1). Some subjects were admitted with reasons other than respiratory disorders including encephalopathy, dehydration, and abdominal symptoms due to influenza infection.
The number of subjects in each category of respiratory disorders was as follows: upper respiratory tract infection (n = 22, 24.7%); wheezing illness (n = 9, 10.1%); pneumonia with wheezing (n = 30, 33.7%); and pneumonia without wheezing (n = 28, 31.5%). Of all 89 subjects, the number of subjects with pneumonia was 58 (65.2%).
The characteristics of subjects according to respiratory disorders are shown in Table 1. The median age of study subjects (45 male) was 8 years (range, 0–71), and 80 subjects (89.9%) were aged less than 15 years. More subjects with wheezing illness (55.6%) or pneumonia with wheezing (43.3%) had a history of asthma than did those with upper respiratory tract infection (13.6%) or pneumonia without wheezing (17.9%), and there were significant differences among the groups (p = 0.017). The median oxygen saturation (SpO2) in room air on admission in subjects with wheezing illness (91.0%) or pneumonia with wheezing (90.0%) were lower than those in subjects with upper respiratory tract infection (96.5%) or pneumonia without wheezing (93.0%), and there were significant differences among the groups (p<0.001). Bacterial co-infection was detected in throat swabs and/or sputum in 44.9% of subjects, but there was no significant difference among the groups. In terms of laboratory findings, including total serum Immunoglobulin E level, there were no significant differences among the groups.
Treatment and clinical time course of study subjects
The treatments and clinical time courses of study subjects in each classified group of respiratory disorders during hospitalization are shown in Table 2.
All subjects were treated with antiviral agents, either oseltamivir or zanamivir. In some subjects antiviral medication was switched from oseltamivir to zanamivir or vice versa. The regular dose of oseltamivir was 150 mg/day for 5 days in adults, and 4 mg/kg/day for 5 days in pediatric patients. The regular dose of zanamivir was 20 mg/day for 5 days. The median number of days from symptom onset to initiation of administration of antiviral agents was 1.9 (range, 1–7), and the length to antiviral treatment from the symptom onset in the pneumonia with wheezing group tended to be longer (2.4 days; range, 1–5) (p = 0.054).
Systemic corticosteroid was used in 93.3% of pneumonia with wheezing subjects, 77.8% of wheezing illness subjects, and 64.3% of pneumonia without wheezing subjects (p<0.001). The dosage of corticosteroids was equivalent to methylprednisolone 1.0–1.5 mg/body weight (kg)/time, 2–4 times/day, in subjects under 15 years of age, and 40–80 mg/time, 2–4 times/day in those over 15 years of age. The median number of days from symptom onset to initiation of administration of systemic corticosteroids was 2.1 (range, 1–6), The median duration of systemic corticosteroid treatment was 5.2 days (range, 2–9).
Treatment with anti-asthmatic agents other than corticosteroids were included in drug regimens for asthmatic episodes, cough and sputum using at least one of the following: short-acting β2-agonist, long-acting β2-agonist, inhaled isoproterenol, inhaled disodium cromoglycate, aminophylline, and leukotriene receptor antagonist. All subjects in wheezing illness and pneumonia with wheezing groups received anti-asthma treatments; also, 27.3% of those with respiratory tract infections and 75.0% of those with pneumonia without wheezing had at least one administration with anti-asthma agent (p<0.001).
Oxygen was administered using a nasal cannula or face mask to 56.2% of subjects with respiratory disorders, but no subjects required mechanical ventilation.
The time to fever alleviation from the initiation of administration of antiviral agents was not significantly different among the groups (p = 0.967). There was a longer duration of hospitalization in the pneumonia groups with and without wheezing compared with the other two groups, and there was significant difference among the groups (p<0.001).
Evaluation of systemic corticosteroid treatment among subjects with pneumonia
Systemic corticosteroid treatment was evaluated in subjects with pneumonia (n = 58) and compared between subjects in the steroid group and in the no-steroid group (Table 3).
Wheezing was presented 58.7% in the steroid group and there was a significant difference between the groups (p = 0.002). SpO2 in the steroid group was lower than that in the no-steroid group (SpO2, 90.0% vs. 95.6, respectively; p<0.001) and the steroid group required more oxygen supply than the no-steroid group (97.8% vs. 8.3%, respectively; p<0.001). Anti-asthma treatment was applied to 97.8% of the steroid group and 50.0% of the no-steroid group (p<0.001). Although bacterial co-infection was found in 52.2% of the steroid group and 25.0% of the no-steroid group at the time of admission (p = 0.093), antibiotics were administered to both the steroid and the no-steroid groups (89.1% vs. 50.0%, respectively; p = 0.006). There were no significant differences in terms of time to fever alleviation (<37°C) after administration of antiviral agents and in the duration of hospitalization between the groups (p = 0.611 and 0.599, respectively).
Clinical time course were assessed by the Kaplan-Meier method on time to fever alleviation from the initiation of administration of antiviral agents and duration of hospitalization in subjects with pneumonia (n = 58) and compared between the steroid and the no-steroid groups using the log-rank test (Figure 2). There were no significant differences between the groups in both time to fever alleviation (p = 0.835) and the duration of hospitalization (p = 0.626).
Kaplan-Meier curves of the number of hours to fever alleviation (A) and hospitalization days (B) according to systemic corticosteroid treatment among subjects with viral pneumonia in steroid (n = 46) and non-steroid (n = 12) groups There were no significant differences between the groups in terms of either hours to fever alleviation (log rank test, p = 0.835) or hospitalization days (log rank test, p = 0.626).
Clinical factors for using systemic corticosteroids treatment among the study subjects
A multiple logistic regression analysis using baseline factors was conducted for subjects with respiratory disorders (n = 89). Wheezing, pneumonia and SpO2 on admission were independent clinical factors associated with using systemic corticosteroids treatment (Table 4).
Discussion
Our evaluation of hospitalized patients with pneumonia caused by influenza A(H1N1)pdm09, who were mostly young and presenting with wheezing, revealed that early systemic corticosteroid treatment did not result in negative clinical outcomes if patients were treated with antiviral agents during the early stage of illness.
Although asthma is not the only illness that causes wheezing, asthma is a risk comorbidity for influenza A(H1N1)pdm09 [8]. In the present study, wheezing was observed in 43.8% of all subjects, including in subjects who presented with pneumonia (Table 1). Systemic corticosteroid treatment is recommended in the asthma guidelines for treating acute exacerbation of asthma which requires hospitalization [9], [10], [11], but its use remains uncertain for asthma-exacerbated patients with pneumonia due to influenza A(H1N1)pdm09 [1], [2], [3].
The healthcare seeking behavior for people in Japan is customarily early especially for acute diseases including pandemic influenza and a median days to the initiation of treatment with antiviral agents from the symptom onset was 1.9 days (range, 1–7) in the study subjects (Table 2). The previous study in Mexico reported that the earlier administration of antiviral agent reduced severity of pneumonia, occurrence of pneumonia, and the duration of hospitalization [15]. In the present study, the study subjects were not admitted in the ICU, did not require mechanical ventilation support, and the median of duration of hospitalization was 7 days (range, 2–14) (Table 1). These results indicated that the study subjects, who were mostly young and were initiated the treatment with antiviral agents earlier, did not progress to be critical.
Most subjects presented with respiratory disorders, including upper respiratory tract infection, wheezing illness, and pneumonia with or without wheezing. Wheezing is one of the manifestations of asthma and a previous report indicated that wheezing is associated with influenza mortality [16]. In the present study, total 43.8% of subjects presented wheezing and 33.7% presented both pneumonia and wheezing. Also, asthma history was more frequent among subjects with wheezing illness (55.6%) or pneumonia with wheezing (43.3%) than among the other subjects in upper respiratory infection (13.6%) and pneumonia without wheezing (17.9%) (Table 1). The results indicated that the occurrence of exacerbation of asthma might have been increased by influenza A(H1N1)pdm09 in this study population; however, exacerbation of asthma did not became critical. Systemic corticosteroid was mainly used for patients with wheezing either with pneumonia or without pneumonia. The presentation of wheezing can lead to a diagnosis of asthma if the patients have a history of asthma. Also, wheezing could also indicate a first episode of asthma attack or bronchiolitis, which are difficult to distinguish on the basis of wheezing alone. If a patient has asthma acute exacerbation or a first episode of asthma attack, not using systemic corticosteroids can increase disease severity and mortality [9], [10], [11]. Therefore, systemic corticosteroid treatment should be a consideration for clinical management of patients with wheezing despite the presence of viral pneumonia and/or bronchiolitis. Also, anti-asthmatic agents other than systemic corticosteroids were administered to all subjects with wheezing (Table 2). Treatments with anti-asthmatic agents together with corticosteroids need to be included as well as antibiotic agents in case of bacterial co-infection.
Respiratory condition, as reflected by SpO2, was more severe in subjects of the steroid group than in the non-steroid group (Table 3). Also, oxygen was more supplied to the steroid group. Those results described that respiratory condition was more severe in the steroid group; however, systemic corticosteroid treatment has no influence to hours to fever alleviation after the initiation of treatment with antiviral agents and the duration of hospitalization (Table 3). In terms of assessment of clinical time course, the Kaplan-Meier curves for hours to fever alleviation from the initiation of antiviral agents and hospitalization days were not significantly different between the steroid and the non-steroid groups. (Figure 2). Systemic corticosteroids were administered for the most of subjects with wheezing (Table 2). These results suggests that systemic corticosteroid treatment for viral pneumonia with wheezing may not have negative effects to clinical time course.
Multiple logistic regression analysis among subjects with respiratory disorders evaluated that wheezing, pneumonia, and SpO2 were independent factors associated with using systemic corticosteroid treatment (Table 4). The results indicated that these were factors that could motivate physicians to start systemic corticosteroid treatment at the study site. It also indicated that wheezing was not the only factor for using systemic corticosteroid treatment but also pneumonia and low level of respiratory condition which were reflected by SpO2. In the present study, systemic corticosteroid treatment did not produce negative outcomes, even in patients with pneumonia and might be in patients with bronchiolitis. The results showed that the systemic corticosteroid treatment in the early stage of illness together with antiviral agents might work to reduce the time of critical conditions and to prevent disease progression to severe pneumonia among patients who were administered antiviral agents during the early stage of illness when their pneumonia were not so severe (Table 2).
Although secondary bacterial infection was reported as a negative outcome of systemic corticosteroid treatment in the severe ill patients with influenza H1N1pdm09 [2], in the present study, no significant effects of systemic corticosteroid treatment against bacterial co-infection were observed. It might be resulted from the antibiotics treatment from the hospital admission (Table 2, 3) and can be explained by the short duration of hospitalization of study subjects. (Table 2, 3).
Limitations of the present retrospective study are that the influenza HN1 2009 virus was confirmed in the limited number of subjects by RT-PCR and patients strongly considered to have 2009 influenza A/H1N1 virus infection were included. During the study period, influenza A(H1N1)pdm09 virus was the dominant influenza virus in Japan according to the Infectious Agent Surveillance Report in Japan [17]. Subjects who were identified as having influenza A virus infection were strongly considered to have influenza A(H1N1)pdm09 virus infection, so physicians diagnosed those patients as having influenza A(H1N1)pdm09 infection. Also, most of the study subjects were pediatric patients and the age distribution of the study subjects was representative of that for influenza A(H1N1)pdm09 in Japan [17], [18]. The number of subjects in divided four groups according to the respiratory conditions were not equal as well as the small number of subjects without steroids treatment due to the retrospective study in a single hospital. Therefore, the further prospective study in patients with a variety of ages with large population is needed.
In conclusions, systemic corticosteroid treatment together with early administration of antiviral agents did not result in negative clinical outcomes in patients with influenza viral pneumonia with wheezing and without wheezing in the present study. The findings suggest that influenza pneumonia patients with wheezing and potentially without wheezing could be treated by systemic corticosteroids and early administration of antiviral agents if the severity of disease is before critical condition.
Acknowledgments
The authors thank Kaori Okuma, Yoshiyuki Okuma, Junko Yamanaka, Noriko Sato, Takayuki Jodai, Jun Sugihara and Shinyu Izumi for assisting with the study.
Author Contributions
Conceived and designed the experiments: KK. Performed the experiments: KK JT HU RY TM EK NK TJM. Analyzed the data: TM KK. Wrote the paper: KK TM.
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