Skip to main content
Download PDF

Hospital laboratory reporting may be a barrier to detection of ‘microsize’ myocardial infarction in the US: an observational study

BMC Health Services Research volume 13, Article number: 162 (2013) Cite this article

Abstract

Background

International guidelines recommend that the decision threshold for troponin should be the 99th percentile of a normal population, or, if the laboratory assay is not sufficiently precise at this low level, the level at which the assay achieves a 10% or better coefficient of variation (CV). Our objectives were to examine US hospital laboratory troponin reports to determine whether either the 99th percentile or the 10% CV level were clearly indicated, and whether nonconcordance with these guidelines was a potential barrier to detecting clinically important microscopic or ‘microsize’ myocardial infarctions (MIs). To confirm past reports of the clinical importance of microsize MIs, we also contrasted in-hospital, 28-day and 1-year mortality among those with microsize and nonmicrosize MI.

Methods

In the REasons for Geographic And Racial Differences in Stroke national prospective cohort study (n=30,239), 1029 participants were hospitalized for acute coronary syndrome (ACS) between 2003–2009. For each case, we recorded all thresholds of abnormal troponin on the laboratory report and whether the 99th percentile or 10% CV value were clearly identified. All cases were expert adjudicated for presence of MI. Peak troponin values were used to classify MIs as microsize MI (< five times the lowest listed upper limit of normal) and nonmicrosize MI.

Results

Participants were hospitalized at 649 acute care US hospitals, only 2% of whose lab reports clearly identified the 99th percentile or the 10% CV level; 52% of reports indicated an indeterminate range, a practice that is no longer recommended. There were 183 microsize MIs and 353 nonmicrosize MIs. In-hospital mortality tended to be lower in the microsize than in the nonmicrosize MI group (1.1 vs. 3.6%, p = 0.09), but 28-day and 1-year mortality were similar (2.5% vs. 2.7% [p = 0.93] and 5.2% vs. 4.3% [p = 0.64], respectively).

Conclusions

Current practices in many US hospitals created barriers to the clinical recognition of microsize MI, which was common and clinically important in our study. Improved hospital troponin reporting is warranted.

Peer Review reports

Background

Guidelines for defining myocardial infarction (MI) have long recommended that events be classified using a combination of the clinical presentation, electrocardiogram (ECG) or cardiac imaging findings, and biomarkers [1–4]. Troponin is the preferred biomarker due to its high specificity for cardiac muscle [1–4]. The risk for mortality and cardiovascular events is increased with even modest troponin elevations [5–9]; therefore, for several years, American and European cardiology societies, the National Heart, Lung and Blood Institute, the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, and others have recommended defining abnormal troponin as any value above the 99th percentile for healthy individuals [1–4, 10–14], culminating in the publication of the Universal Definition of MI in 2007 [1–3].

A problem acknowledged by the Universal Definition and other preceding guidelines is that some assays may not be reliable at levels as low as the 99th percentile. Troponin levels in normal reference populations are very close to zero, and recent advances in biomarker assays permit detection of levels as low as 0.006 μg/L [15]. However, precision at very low levels may not be acceptable [15]. Therefore, until assays achieve greater precision at very low levels and become more standardized, experts have recommended defining the threshold for abnormal troponin as either the 99th percentile of a normal reference population or the level at which the assay achieves acceptable precision, defined by a coefficient of variation (CV) of 10% or better [1–4, 10–14]. All values of troponin above this threshold are recommended to be considered myocardial necrosis, which, together with a characteristic rising and/or falling pattern, is used in clinical decision-making to classify an event as an MI.

In order to apply this recommendation, the 99th percentile or 10% CV level must be clearly identified on hospital laboratory troponin reports and labeled as the decision threshold. However, many hospitals have for years reported an “indeterminate range,” which was useful in interpreting troponin relative to creatine kinase (CK)-MB fractions when troponin was first introduced. The upper limit of this indeterminate range was the World Health Organization (WHO) cut-point corresponding to abnormal CK-MB, and many reports continue to provide interpretive guidelines recommending that troponin values above this WHO cut-point represent a high likelihood of MI. Clinicians interpreting such reports today may be challenged to identify the more current, lower guideline-recommended decision threshold. Furthermore, as ST elevation MI is declining while non-ST elevation MI remains common [16, 17], troponin levels are increasingly the deciding factor in determining whether acute coronary syndrome (ACS) is classified as an MI. In this context, the troponin laboratory report is critical for appropriately classifying and risk stratifying MI events. However, guideline concordance in hospital laboratory troponin reports has to our knowledge not been examined.

We studied US hospital laboratory troponin practices in the REasons for Geographic And Racial Differences in Stroke (REGARDS) study, a large national prospective cohort study. We also examined mortality risks associated with very low, or ‘microsize,’ troponin peak MIs relative to MIs with higher peak troponin levels to both confirm the risks that have been described in other populations and to highlight the potential clinical relevance of hospital troponin reporting practices.

Methods

The REGARDS study is prospectively following 30,239 individuals for cardiovascular events and mortality to better understand regional and racial influences on stroke and MI mortality. Details of the study are described elsewhere [18]. Briefly, recruitment was conducted from 2003–2007 using commercially available lists and a combination of mail and telephone contact to recruit English-speaking, community-dwelling adults aged 45 and older living in the 48 contiguous US. Baseline data collection included telephone surveys and in-home exams, and living participants are telephoned every six months and asked if they were hospitalized with subsequent medical records retrieval. Deaths were detected from reaching next of kin at a scheduled follow-up, online sources (e.g., Social Security Death Index), or the National Death Index. Medical records were reviewed by a team of experts, who adjudicated MI events using a standardized approach modeled on major epidemiologic studies [4]. The study protocol was reviewed and approved by the University of Alabama Institutional Review Board, and all participants provided informed consent.

We included the first hospitalization for ACS for each participant occurring between 2003 and 2009. ACS was defined as an urgent presentation of signs and symptoms suggestive of acute coronary ischemia resulting in hospitalization. For each case, we examined the hospital laboratory troponin report for documentation of the 99th percentile for healthy adults or the 10% CV level for the assay utilized and whether either was clearly identified as the decision threshold for abnormal troponin. We also examined whether an indeterminate range was provided, a practice that is no longer recommended [1].

Expert adjudicators classified cases as ACS without MI or ACS with MI following approaches used in most large epidemiology studies [4]. For MI, medical records were examined for the presence of signs or symptoms suggestive of ischemia; a rising and/or falling pattern in cardiac troponin or creatine phosphokinase-MB over ≥6 hours with a peak value ≥ twice the upper limit of normal; and ECG changes consistent with ischemia or MI, guided by the Minnesota code [4]. By convention, adjudicators used as the troponin decision threshold the 99th percentile or 10% CV value if clearly identified on the report, or if not clearly identified, twice the lowest listed upper limit of normal (ULN). MIs were adjudicated as definite, probable, or possible, and only definite or probable MI events were included in this study as MI events. The highest and lowest levels of troponin and upper limits of normal were also recorded.

After adjudication, cases were further classified into microsize MI or usual MI based on peak troponin levels. Microsize MI was defined as an adjudicated MI with peak troponin no more than five times the lowest listed ULN, and usual MIs were all other adjudicated MIs. We examined clinical characteristics of individuals and in-hospital, 28-day and 1-year age, sex, and race-adjusted mortality in each of the three ACS groups of no MI, microsize MI and usual MI.

Statistical analyses

We examined differences in participant characteristics among the three ACS groups, no MI, microsize MI, and usual MI. Available characteristics included sociodemographics (age, sex, race) and medical conditions (hypertension, defined as systolic blood pressure ≥140 mmHg or diastolic blood pressure ≥90 mmHg or treated with antihypertensive medications; diabetes, defined as fasting blood glucose ≥126 mg/dl, random blood glucose ≥200 mg/dl, or being treated with diabetes medications; and a history of heart disease, defined as a self-reported history of MI or coronary intervention, or evidence of MI on ECG at baseline). Physiologic variables included body mass index, low-density lipoprotein cholesterol (LDL-C) levels, high density lipoprotein cholesterol (HDL-C) levels, triglyceride levels, and creatinine levels.

After conducting a descriptive analysis, we constructed a logistic regression model to examine associations with microsize MI relative to usual MI, entering the above clinical characteristics into a multivariable model that included all cases of MI. Mortality for ACS, microsize MI, and usual MI was calculated by dividing the number of deaths in the period among those at risk. Specifically, in-hospital mortality was the number of deaths prior to discharge among those hospitalized; 28-day mortality was the number of deaths at 28 days among those surviving to discharge; and 1-year mortality was the number of deaths at 365 days among those surviving to 28 days. These proportions were adjusted for age, race, and sex and tested for statistically significant differences. All analyses were carried out using SAS version 9.1, Cary, North Carolina.

Results

Variations in hospital laboratory troponin reporting

No ULN for troponin was provided in 35 laboratory reports, and these hospitals were excluded, resulting in the inclusion of 649 different hospitals located in 490 US cities in 45 states. The type of troponin was troponin-I in 76% of hospitals and troponin-T in 7%; the type of troponin was not specified in 17% of reports.

Sixteen (2%) hospitals specifically identified either the 99th percentile or the 10% CV level, but only one hospital advised clinicians that the 99th percentile should be used as the decision threshold for defining myocardial necrosis. A single ULN was provided in 48% of hospitals without specification of whether it was the 99th percentile or the 10% CV level. More than one ULN was provided in the remaining hospitals. When more than one threshold was reported, it was often in the context of ranges accompanied by interpretive language (e.g., 0–0.04 “normal”; 0.05-1.5 “indeterminate”; >1.5 “consistent with acute MI”). In 13% of the hospitals, there were four or more such ranges.

The name of the manufacturer of the troponin assay would theoretically permit clinicians to examine the tables available online at the International Federation of Clinical Chemists (IFCC) website for 99th percentile values and 10% CV levels (see Additional file 1). However, the name of the assay was provided in only 15 hospitals, and the IFCC was mentioned in only one report.

Because only a single manufacturer (Roche) distributed troponin-T assays during the study period, the 99th percentile and 10% CV values can be approximated using the IFCC table even when no manufacturer is specified on the laboratory report; the decision threshold during the observation period should have been 0.03 [15, 19]. However, in half (n = 38) of troponin-T hospital laboratory reports, 0.1 was provided as the ULN. This higher value corresponded to the assay’s WHO cut-point, which is no longer recommended as a decision threshold.

Additional evidence that some hospital laboratories were providing thresholds well above the recommended decision thresholds came from 56 reports in which the ULN provided was higher than the 10% CV level of any assay reported by the IFCC [15, 19]. These results suggest that even among the 48% of labs with a single ULN in our study, there is considerable uncertainty around whether the listed ULN is actually the guideline-concordant decision threshold.

Clinical implications of microsize MI

Of the 1,029 cases of ACS included in the analysis, 493 were classified as ACS without MI, 183 as microsize MIs, and 353 as usual MIs (Table 1). There were proportionately more black participants in the microsize MI group relative to the usual MI group, more individuals with microsize MI had a history of heart disease, and the mean creatinine was lower in the microsize MI group. Framingham Coronary Heart Disease (CHD) risk scores demonstrated a trend for a graded increase in risk across the groups.

Table 1 Baseline characteristics of 1029 patients presenting with acute coronary syndrome (ACS)
Full size table

The logistic regression analysis of all cases of MI revealed that black race, history of CHD, and creatinine were independent predictors of microsize MI relative to usual MI (Table 2).

Table 2 Multivariable logistic regression results testing associations between having a microsize versus usual MI
Full size table

In the mortality analysis, in-hospital mortality was lower for microsize MIs compared with usual MIs, trending toward statistically significant difference (p = 0.09), and in-hospital mortality was statistically different for those with ACS without MI compared to both microsize MI or usual MI (Figure 1). However, although 28-day case fatality was not statistically different across MI groups, mortality trended towards significant differences between the ACS without MI versus the other two groups. At one year, both types of MI had higher mortality relative to those with ACS without MI, and the rate was slightly higher for microsize MIs than for usual MIs, though that difference was not statistically significant.

Figure 1
figure 1

Adjusted mortality for acute coronary syndrome without MI, microsize MI, and usual MI patients ACS=Acute Coronary Syndrome. ACS without MI=ACS with peak troponin below upper limit of normal (ULN) and adjudicated as no myocardial infarction (MI). Microsize MI=adjudicated MI with peak troponin above ULN but less than 5 times ULN. Usual MI=adjudicated MI with peak troponin 5 or more times above ULN. All mortality rates include only those surviving the previous period; e.g., 28-day mortality includes only those discharged alive. Total number of deaths: ACS without MI (in-hospital = 0, 28-day = 5, 1-year = 11); Microsize MI (in-hospital = 2, 28-day = 7, 1-year = 12); Usual MI (in-hospital = 7, 28-day = 12, 1-year = 15). ACS w/o MI vs. Microsize MI: In-Hospital p = 0.02 28-Day p = 0.26 1-Year p = 0.02. ACS w/o MI vs. Usual MI: In-Hospital p < 0.01 28-Day p = 0.11 1-Year p = 0.02. Microsize MI vs. Usual MI: In-Hospital p = 0.09 28-Day p = 0.93, 1-Year p = 0.64.

Full size image

Discussion

We found major deviations from guideline recommendations for troponin laboratory reporting in our study. Laboratory reports only rarely identified a 99th percentile or 10% CV level, and more than half of hospitals identified an indeterminate range classifying MI based on a higher threshold than the guideline-recommended approach [1–3, 20]. In this context, many microsize MIs may be difficult to recognize clinically.

Although our study was not able to examine the proportion of microsize MIs missed clinically by treating physicians as a result of hospital reporting practices, it is likely that some of these events were in fact not treated as MI. The potential misclassification of microsize MIs as “normal” has significant long-term prognostic implications. The higher long-term mortality risk we observed for those suffering microsize MIs was similar to past reports in which the in-hospital risks were low, but by one month and one year were similar to those with usual MIs [21, 22]. This finding underscores both the importance of long-term risk factor management in patients with microsize MIs and the relatively low short-term risks [1–4, 21, 23–26].

A recent report from Scotland illustrates the clinical importance of detecting microsize MIs [22]. Investigators at the Royal Infirmary in Edinburgh took advantage of the introduction of a more sensitive troponin assay to study clinical management and outcomes among individuals analogous to our microsize MI group. In their study, the focus was on individuals whose peak troponin elevations were above the threshold for the new assay (0.05) and below the threshold for the older, less sensitive assay (0.20), both before and after changes in lab reports. They found that, after introduction of the lower decision threshold on lab reports, secondary preventive measures increased by 15-30% in the microsize MI group but remained similar for those in the usual MI or no MI groups. They also reported reductions in clinical outcomes, including the rate of MIs and deaths at 3 and 12 months in the group with microsize MIs after introduction of the lower threshold on lab reports. While this is an observational study from a single site, it does provide evidence of the potential impact of appropriate troponin reporting to optimize clinical management.

These findings together with our results suggest that improved reporting of hospital troponin results in the US is warranted; the US now has a system of public accountability for the quality of health care that provides a ready infrastructure to enact rapid change. A quality indicator assessing whether the recommended decision threshold is clearly identified on laboratory reports and assessing whether indeterminate ranges are used could be added rapidly to standards for accreditation by the Joint Commission or to the Centers for Medicare and Medicaid Services’ pay-for-performance programs, such as the Premier Hospital Quality Incentive Demonstration [27, 28].

Our study included a large proportion of black participants, which has not been the case in previous reports stemming from non-US samples [21]. Our finding that black participants had 62% higher odds for microsize MIs raises concerns that some microsize MIs among black individuals may not be recognized clinically. Indeed, the last decade has demonstrated a concerning widening of the CHD mortality disparity between black and white people in the US, with white mortality rates declining faster than black rates [29]. Similar to past reports, we found that those with a past history of CHD were also more likely to be in the microsize MI group [21]. The clinical consequences of overlooking a microsize MI in individuals with a history of CHD may be minimized because many such patients may already be receiving secondary prevention, including aggressive smoking cessation counseling, lipid management, beta blockers, or anti-platelet therapy. On the other hand, as many as half of individuals on chronic disease preventive therapies discontinue their medications [30–32]; thus, an overlooked microsize MI may translate into a missed opportunity to redouble secondary preventive efforts in these individuals.

Our study’s limitations include our inability to examine how many cases classified as microsize MI by our rigorous adjudication methods were also recognized as MI by the treating physicians. We also did not have available the 99th percentile or 10% CV value at each hospital at the time of the event. Like other large epidemiology studies, we had to rely on clinical laboratories from many hospitals to classify MI and, given the variations we described, it is possible that, while state-of-the art and rigorous, the adjudication process under-detected some microsize MIs. This challenge would bias our results towards finding less difference in mortality rates than may actually exist; thus, the mortality risks we describe may underestimate the true risks. Our team of experts only classified events as MI if there was a clear rising and/or falling pattern of troponin, and perennial low level elevations seen in conditions such as heart failure or renal failure would therefore not have been classified as MI; however, it is possible that some misclassification could have occurred. Unfortunately, this study was not designed to detect differences in clinical management in microsize and usual MIs, but recent reports suggest that this may be an important issue [33]. Future studies should examine what proportion of microsize MIs were not managed as acute MIs. Another limitation is the context of a national epidemiologic cohort study; thus, participants may not be representative of the US population. Although we included 649 hospitals, they may not be representative of all US acute care hospitals. In addition, event accrual may permit future analyses of CHD or cardiovascular disease deaths, in contrast to the all-cause mortality we used in this study.

Conclusions

Many US hospital laboratories did not report 99th percentiles or 10% CV levels in their troponin reports as recommended by national and international guidelines, complicating the detection of microsize MIs. This may result in misclassification of some individuals with MI, preventing optimal clinical management. Our study confirms the excess risks associated with microsize MI described in other populations, emphasizing the importance of recognizing these cases clinically. Prompt attention to improving the quality of hospital laboratory reporting of patient troponin results is warranted.

Abbreviations

ACS:

Acute coronary syndrome

CHD:

Coronary heart disease

CK:

Creatine kinase

CV:

Coefficient of variation

ECG:

Electrocardiogram

HDL-C:

High density lipoprotein cholesterol

IFCC:

International Federation of Clinical Chemists

LDL-C:

Low-density lipoprotein cholesterol

MI:

Myocardial infarction

REGARDS:

REasons for Geographic And Racial Differences in Stroke

ULN:

Upper limit of normal

WHO:

World Health Organization

References

  1. Thygesen K, Alpert JS, White HD: Universal definition of myocardial infarction. J Am Coll Cardiol. 2007, 50 (22): 2173-2195. 10.1016/j.jacc.2007.09.011.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  2. Thygesen K, Alpert JS, White HD: Universal definition of myocardial infarction. Eur Heart J. 2007, 28 (20): 2525-2538.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  3. Thygesen K, Alpert JS, White HD, Jaffe AS, Apple FS, Galvani M, Katus HA, Newby LK, Ravkilde J, Chaitman B: Universal definition of myocardial infarction. Circulation. 2007, 116 (22): 2634-2653. 10.1161/CIRCULATIONAHA.107.187397.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  4. Luepker RV, Apple FS, Christenson RH, Crow RS, Fortmann SP, Goff D, Goldberg RJ, Hand MM, Jaffe AS, Julian DG: Case definitions for acute coronary heart disease in epidemiology and clinical research studies: A statement from the AHA Council on Epidemiology and Prevention, AHA Statistics Committee, World Heart Federation Council on Epidemiology and Prevention, European Society of Cardiology Working Group on Epidemiology and Prevention, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, and the National Heart Lung and Blood Institute. Circulation. 2003, 108 (20): 2543-2549. 10.1161/01.CIR.0000100560.46946.EA.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  5. Hochholzer W, Buettner HJ, Trenk D, Laule K, Christ M, Neumann FJ, Mueller C: New definition of myocardial infarction: impact on long-term mortality. Am J Med. 2008, 121 (5): 399-405. 10.1016/j.amjmed.2008.01.033.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  6. Mueller C, Neumann FJ, Perruchoud AP, Zeller T, Buettner HJ: Prognostic value of quantitative troponin T measurements in unstable angina/non-ST-segment elevation acute myocardial infarction treated early and predominantly with percutaneous coronary intervention. Am J Med. 2004, 117 (12): 897-902. 10.1016/j.amjmed.2004.06.043.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  7. Ohman EM, Armstrong PW, Christenson RH, Granger CB, Katus HA, Hamm CW, O’Hanesian MA, Wagner GS, Kleiman NS, Harrell FE: Cardiac troponin T levels for risk stratification in acute myocardial ischemia. GUSTO IIA Investigators. N Engl J Med. 1996, 335 (18): 1333-1341. 10.1056/NEJM199610313351801.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  8. Antman EM, Tanasijevic MJ, Thompson B, Schactman M, McCabe CH, Cannon CP, Fischer GA, Fung AY, Thompson C, Wybenga D: Cardiac-specific troponin I levels to predict the risk of mortality in patients with acute coronary syndromes. N Engl J Med. 1996, 335 (18): 1342-1349. 10.1056/NEJM199610313351802.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  9. Pham HH, Schrag D, Hargraves JL, Bach PB: Delivery of preventive services to older adults by primary care physicians. JAMA. 2005, 294 (4): 473-481. 10.1001/jama.294.4.473.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  10. Alpert JS, Malasky BR, Thygesen K: Redefining myocardial infarction for the 21st century. Trans Am Clin Climatol Assoc. 2004, 115: 79-96.

    PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  11. Alpert JS, Thygesen K: A call for universal definitions in cardiovascular disease. Circulation. 2006, 114 (8): 757-758. 10.1161/CIRCULATIONAHA.106.648030.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  12. Alpert JS, Thygesen K: A new global definition of myocardial infarction for the 21st century. Pol Arch Med Wewn. 2007, 117 (11–12): 485-486.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  13. Alpert JS, Thygesen K, Antman E, Bassand JP: Myocardial infarction redefined–a consensus document of The Joint European Society of Cardiology/American College of Cardiology Committee for the redefinition of myocardial infarction. J Am Coll Cardiol. 2000, 36 (3): 959-969. 10.1016/S0735-1097(00)00804-4.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  14. Alpert JS, Thygesen K, Jaffe A, White HD: The universal definition of myocardial infarction: a consensus document: ischaemic heart disease. Heart. 2008, 94 (10): 1335-1341.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  15. International federation of Clinical Chemistry and Laboratory Medicine. Analytic characteristics of commerical cardiac troponin I and T assays as stated by manufacturer (version October 2008). 2013, http://www.ifcc.org/media/102202/IFCC_Troponin_Table_vDec_2010_FINAL_ug_L_28Jan11.pdf, accessed May 6

  16. Yeh RW, Sidney S, Chandra M, Sorel M, Selby JV, Go AS: Population trends in the incidence and outcomes of acute myocardial infarction. N Engl J Med. 2010, 362 (23): 2155-2165. 10.1056/NEJMoa0908610.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  17. McManus DD, Gore J, Yarzebski J, Spencer F, Lessard D, Goldberg RJ: Recent trends in the incidence, treatment, and outcomes of patients with STEMI and NSTEMI. Am J Med. 2011, 124 (1): 40-47. 10.1016/j.amjmed.2010.07.023.

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  18. Howard VJ, Cushman M, Pulley L, Gomez CR, Go RC, Prineas RJ, Graham A, Moy CS, Howard G: The reasons for geographic and racial differences in stroke study: objectives and design. Neuroepidemiology. 2005, 25 (3): 135-143. 10.1159/000086678.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  19. International Federation of Clinical Chemistry and Laboratory Medicine. C-SMCD Cardiac Troponin Assays. 2013, http://www.ifcc.org/media/102199/IFCC_Troponin_Table_vDec_2010_FINAL_ng_L_28Jan11.pdf, accessed May 6.

  20. Morrow DA: Evidence-based decision limits for cardiac troponin: low-level elevation and prognosis. Am Heart J. 2004, 148 (5): 739-742. 10.1016/j.ahj.2004.05.024.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  21. Urban P, Radovanovic D, Erne P, Stauffer JC, Pedrazzini G, Windecker S, Bertel O: Impact of changing definitions for myocardial infarction: a report from the AMIS registry. Am J Med. 2008, 121 (12): 1065-1071. 10.1016/j.amjmed.2008.08.020.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  22. Mills NL, Churchhouse AM, Lee KK, Anand A, Gamble D, Shah AS, Paterson E, MacLeod M, Graham C, Walker S: Implementation of a sensitive troponin I assay and risk of recurrent myocardial infarction and death in patients with suspected acute coronary syndrome. JAMA. 2011, 305 (12): 1210-1216. 10.1001/jama.2011.338.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  23. Eggers KM, Lagerqvist B, Venge P, Wallentin L, Lindahl B: Persistent cardiac troponin I elevation in stabilized patients after an episode of acute coronary syndrome predicts long-term mortality. Circulation. 2007, 116 (17): 1907-1914. 10.1161/CIRCULATIONAHA.107.708529.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  24. Zethelius B, Johnston N, Venge P: Troponin I as a predictor of coronary heart disease and mortality in 70-year-old men: a community-based cohort study. Circulation. 2006, 113 (8): 1071-1078. 10.1161/CIRCULATIONAHA.105.570762.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  25. Waxman DA, Hecht S, Schappert J, Husk G: A model for troponin I as a quantitative predictor of in-hospital mortality. J Am Coll Cardiol. 2006, 48 (9): 1755-1762. 10.1016/j.jacc.2006.05.075.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  26. Newby LK, Alpert JS, Ohman EM, Thygesen K, Califf RM: Changing the diagnosis of acute myocardial infarction: implications for practice and clinical investigations. Am Heart J. 2002, 144 (6): 957-980. 10.1067/mhj.2002.129778.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  27. Accountability Measaures. A New Concept to Promote Quality Improvement. 2013, http://www.jointcommission.org/accountability_measures.aspx, accessed May 6.

  28. Premier Hospital Quality Incentive Demonstration. 2013, http://www.cms.gov/Medicare/Quality-Initiatives-Patient-Assessment-Instruments/HospitalQualityInits/index.html?redirect=/hospitalqualityinits, accessed May 6.

  29. CDC Wonder Compressed Mortality File. [http://wonder.cdc.gov/mortsql.html]

  30. Hugtenburg JG, Blom AT, Kisoensingh SU: Initial phase of chronic medication use; patients’ reasons for discontinuation. Br J Clin Pharmacol. 2006, 61 (3): 352-354. 10.1111/j.1365-2125.2005.02569.x.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  31. Spertus JA, Kettelkamp R, Vance C, Decker C, Jones PG, Rumsfeld JS, Messenger JC, Khanal S, Peterson ED, Bach RG: Prevalence, predictors, and outcomes of premature discontinuation of thienopyridine therapy after drug-eluting stent placement: results from the PREMIER registry. Circulation. 2006, 113 (24): 2803-2809. 10.1161/CIRCULATIONAHA.106.618066.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  32. Ho PM, Spertus JA, Masoudi FA, Reid KJ, Peterson ED, Magid DJ, Krumholz HM, Rumsfeld JS: Impact of medication therapy discontinuation on mortality after myocardial infarction. Arch Intern Med. 2006, 166 (17): 1842-1847. 10.1001/archinte.166.17.1842.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  33. Halim SA, Mulgund J, Chen AY, Matthew TR, Peterson ED, Gibler WB, Ohman EM, Newby LK: Use of guidelines-recommended management and outcomes among women and men with low-level troponin elevation. Circ Cardiovasc Qual Outcomes. 2009, 2 (3): 199-206. 10.1161/CIRCOUTCOMES.108.810127.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Pre-publication history

Download references

Acknowledgements

The authors thank the other investigators, the staff, and the participants of the REGARDS study for their valuable contributions. A full list of participating REGARDS investigators and institutions can be found at http://www.regardsstudy.org.

The contributions of all authors were funded by the REGARDS study, which is supported by NIH R01 HL80477-01A1 from the National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute and U01 NS041588 from the National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke, National Institutes of Health, U.S. Department of Health and Human Services. The content is solely the responsibility of the authors and does not necessarily represent the official views of the National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute, the National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke, or the National Institutes of Health. Representatives of the funding agency have been involved in the review of the manuscript but not directly involved in the collection, management, analysis, or interpretation of the data. Additional funding was provided by an investigator-initiated grant-in-aid from Amgen Corporation. Amgen did not have any role in the design and conduct of the study; the collection, management, analysis, or interpretation of the data; or the preparation or approval of the manuscript.

Author information

Authors and Affiliations

  1. Division of Preventive Medicine, University of Alabama at Birmingham School of Medicine, Medical Towers 621, 1717 11th Avenue South, Birmingham, AL, 35294-4410, USA

    Monika M Safford, Gaurav Parmar, Codrin S Barasch, Jewell H Halanych & Stephen P Glasser

  2. Colorado School of Public Health, Building 500, 3rd Floor, Suite 300, Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, CO, 80045, USA

    David C Goff

  3. Department of Epidemiology & Prevention, Wake Forest University School of Medicine, Medical Center Boulevard, Winston-Salem, NC, 27157-1063, USA

    Ronald J Prineas

  4. Division of Cardiovascular Disease, University of Alabama at Birmingham School of Medicine, 701 19th Street South, Birmingham, AL, 35294-0007, USA

    Todd M Brown

Authors
  1. Monika M Safford
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  2. Gaurav Parmar
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  3. Codrin S Barasch
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  4. Jewell H Halanych
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  5. Stephen P Glasser
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  6. David C Goff
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  7. Ronald J Prineas
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  8. Todd M Brown
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

Corresponding author

Correspondence to Monika M Safford.

Additional information

Competing interests

The authors declare that they have no competing interests.

Authors’ contributions

MS conceived of the study, participated in its design, adjudicated endpoints, and drafted the manuscript. GP participated in the study design, carried out the analyses and helped to draft the manuscript. CB participated in the study design, collected data, and helped to draft the manuscript. JH adjudicated endpoints and helped with critical redaction of the manuscript. TM conceived of the study, participated in its design, adjudicated endpoints, and critically revised the manuscript. SG adjudicated endpoints and helped with critical redaction of the manuscript. DG conceived of the study, participated in its design and critically redacted the manuscript. RP conceived of the study, participated in its design and critically redacted the manuscript. All authors read and approved the final manuscript.

Electronic supplementary material

12913_2012_2582_MOESM1_ESM.doc

Additional file 1: Commercially available troponin assays obtained from the International Federation of Clinical Chemists, 2006-2008 15,17 .(DOC 44 KB)

Authors’ original submitted files for images

Below are the links to the authors’ original submitted files for images.

Authors’ original file for figure 1

Rights and permissions

This article is published under license to BioMed Central Ltd. This is an Open Access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/2.0), which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.

Reprints and permissions

About this article

Cite this article

Safford, M.M., Parmar, G., Barasch, C.S. et al. Hospital laboratory reporting may be a barrier to detection of ‘microsize’ myocardial infarction in the US: an observational study. BMC Health Serv Res 13, 162 (2013). https://doi.org/10.1186/1472-6963-13-162

Download citation

  • Received:

  • Accepted:

  • Published:

  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1186/1472-6963-13-162

Keywords

BMC Health Services Research

ISSN: 1472-6963

Contact us