Skip to main content
Log in

Turning On and Turning Off: A Focus Group Study of the Factors That Affect Women's Sexual Arousal

  • Published:
Archives of Sexual Behavior Aims and scope Submit manuscript

Abstract

The aim of this study was to inform the development of a questionnaire to assess a woman's tendency to respond with sexual excitation/inhibition in different situations. Nine focus groups, involving 80 women (M age = 34.3 years; range, 18-84), were conducted. Women described a wide range of physical (genital and nongenital), cognitive/emotional, and behavioral cues to arousal. The relationship between sexual interest (desire) and sexual arousal was complex; sexual interest was reported as sometimes preceding arousal, but at other times following it. Many women did not clearly differentiate between arousal and interest. Qualitative data on the factors that women perceived as “enhancers” and “inhibitors” of sexual arousal are presented, with a focus on the following themes: feelings about one's body; concern about reputation; unwanted pregnancy/contraception; feeling desired versus feeling used by a partner; feeling accepted by a partner; style of approach/initiation; and negative mood. The findings can help inform conceptualizations of sexual arousal in women.

This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.

Access this article

Price excludes VAT (USA)
Tax calculation will be finalised during checkout.

Instant access to the full article PDF.

Institutional subscriptions

Similar content being viewed by others

REFERENCES

  • American Psychiatric Association. (1980). Diagnostic and statistical manual of mental disorders (3rd ed.). Washington, DC: Author.

    Google Scholar 

  • American Psychiatric Association. (2000). Diagnostic and statistical manual of mental disorders (4th ed., text rev.). Washington, DC: Author.

    Google Scholar 

  • Bancroft, J. (1999). Central inhibition of sexual response in the male: A theoretical perspective. Neuroscience and Biobehavioral Reviews, 23,763-784.

    Google Scholar 

  • Bancroft, J., & Janssen, E. (2000). The dual control model of male sexual response: A theoretical approach to centrally mediated erectile dysfunction. Neuroscience and Biobehavioral Reviews, 24,571-579.

    Google Scholar 

  • Bancroft, J., & Janssen, E. (2001). Psychogenic erectile dysfunction in the era of pharmacotherapy: A theoretical approach. In J. Mulcahy (Ed.), Male sexual function: A guide to clinical management (pp. 79-89). Totowa, NJ: Humana.

    Google Scholar 

  • Bancroft, J., Janssen, E., Strong, D., Carnes, L., & Long, J. S. (2003). Sexual risk taking in gay men: The relevance of sexual arousability, mood, and sensation seeking. Archives of Sexual Behavior, 32,555-572.

    Google Scholar 

  • Bancroft, J., Janssen, E., Carnes, L., Strong, D. A., Goodrich, D., & Long, J. S. (2004). Sexual risk taking in young heterosex-ual men: The relevance of personality factors. Journal of Sex Research, 41,181-192.

    Google Scholar 

  • Bartlik, B., & Goldberg, J. (2000). Female sexual arousal disorder. In S. R. Leiblum & R. C. Rosen (Eds.), Principles and prac-tice of sex therapy (3rd ed., pp. 85-117). New York: Guilford Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Basson, R. (2002). Are our definitions of women's desire, arousal and sexual pain disorder too broad and our definition of orgasmic disorder too narrow? Journal of Sex and Marital Therapy, 28,289-300.

    Google Scholar 

  • Beck, J. G. (1994). Hypoactive sexual desire disorder: An over-view. Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology, 63,919-927.

    Google Scholar 

  • Beck, J. G., Bozman, A. W., & Qualtrough, T. (1991). The experience of sexual desire: Psychological correlates in a college sample. Journal of Sex Research, 28,443-456.

    Google Scholar 

  • Bjorklund, D. F., & Kipp, K. (1996). Parental investment theory and gender differences in the evolution of inhibition mechanisms. Psychological Bulletin, 120,163-188.

    Google Scholar 

  • Byers, P. Y., Zeller, R. A., & Byers, B. D. (2001). Focus group methods. In M. W. Wiederman & B. E. Whitley (Eds.), Handbook for conducting research on human sexuality (pp. 173-194). Belmont, CA: Wadsworth.

    Google Scholar 

  • Carpenter, D. L., Janssen, E., & Graham, C. A. (2004). Factor structure, reliability, and validity of the Sexual Inhibition (SIS) and Sexual Excitation (SES) Scales in women. Manuscript in preparation.

  • Ellison, C. (2000). Women's sexualities. Oakland, CA: New Harbinger.

    Google Scholar 

  • Everaerd, W., Laan, E., Both, S., & van der Velde, J. (2000). Female sexuality. In L. Szuchman & F. Muscarella (Eds.), Psychologi-cal perspectives on human sexuality (pp. 108-122). New York: Wiley.

    Google Scholar 

  • Fine, M. (1988). Sexuality, schooling, and adolescent females: The missing discourse of desire. Harvard Educational Review, 29,501-536.

    Google Scholar 

  • Frank, E., Anderson, C., & Rubenstein, D. (1978). Frequency of sexual dysfunction in "normal" couples. New England Journal of Medicine, 299,111-115.

    Google Scholar 

  • Heiman, J. R. (2001). Sexual desire in human relationships. In W. Everaerd, E. Laan, & S. Both (Eds.), Sexual appetite, desire and motivation: Energetics of the sexual system (pp. 117-134). Amsterdam: Royal Netherlands Academy of Arts and Sciences.

    Google Scholar 

  • Janssen, E., Vorst, H., Finn, P., & Bancroft, J. (2002a). The Sexual Inhibition (SIS) and Sexual Excitation (SES) Scales: I. Measuring sexual inhibition and excitation proneness in men. Journal of Sex Research, 39,114-126.

    Google Scholar 

  • Janssen, E., Vorst, H., Finn, P., & Bancroft, J. (2002b). The Sexual Inhibition (SIS) and Sexual Excitation (SES) Scales: II. Predicting psychophysiological response patterns. Journal of Sex Research, 39,127-132.

    Google Scholar 

  • Knodel, J. (1993). The design and analysis of focus group studies: A practical approach. In D. L. Morgan (Ed.), Successful focus groups: Advancing the state of the art (pp. 35-50). Newbury Park, CA: Sage.

    Google Scholar 

  • Levi, L. (1969). Sympatho-adreno-medullary activity, diuresis and emotional reactions during visual sexual stimulation in human females and males. Psychosomatic Medicine, 31,251-268.

    Google Scholar 

  • Lief, H. I. (1977). What's new in sex research? Inhibited sexual desire. Medical Aspects of Human Sexuality, 11(7), 94-95.

    Google Scholar 

  • Morgan, D. L. (1996). Focus groups. Annual Review of Sociology, 22,129-152.

    Google Scholar 

  • Morgan, D. L. (1997). Focus groups as qualitative research (2nd ed.). Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage.

    Google Scholar 

  • Rosen, R., Brown, C., Heiman, J., Leiblum, S., Meston, C., Shabsigh, D., et al. (2000). The Female Sexual Function Index (FSFI): A multidimensional self-report instrument for the assessment of female sexual function. Journal of Sex and Marital Therapy, 26,191-208.

    Google Scholar 

  • Seal, D. W., Bogart, L. M., & Ehrhardt, A. A. (1998). Small group dynamics: The utility of focus group discussions as a research method. Group Dynamics: Theory, Research, and Practice, 2,253-266.

    Google Scholar 

  • The Working Group for a New View of Women's Sexual Problems. (2001). A new view of women's sexual problems. In E. Kaschak & L. Tiefer (Eds.), A new view of women's sexual problems (pp. 1-8). New York: Haworth Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Tiefer, L. (2001). General discussion. In J. Bancroft (Ed.), The role of theory in sex research (pp. 235-236). Bloomington: Indiana University Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Tolman, D. (2002). Dilemmas of desire: Teenage girls and sexuality.Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Wilkinson, S. (1999).Focus groups. A feminist method. Psychology of Women Quarterly, 23,221-244.

    Google Scholar 

Download references

Authors

Rights and permissions

Reprints and permissions

About this article

Cite this article

Graham, C.A., Sanders, S.A., Milhausen, R.R. et al. Turning On and Turning Off: A Focus Group Study of the Factors That Affect Women's Sexual Arousal. Arch Sex Behav 33, 527–538 (2004). https://doi.org/10.1023/B:ASEB.0000044737.62561.fd

Download citation

  • Issue Date:

  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1023/B:ASEB.0000044737.62561.fd

Navigation