General Obstetrics and Gynecology: Gynecology
Prospective analysis of occurrence and management of breakthrough bleeding during an extended oral contraceptive regimen

https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ajog.2006.02.048Get rights and content

Objective

The purpose of this study was to assess the bleeding patterns of an extended oral contraceptive (OC) regimen and management of breakthrough bleeding/breakthrough spotting (BTB/BTS).

Study design

This was a single-center prospective analysis of self-rated menstrual flow during a 21/7-day versus a 168-day extended regimen of on OC containing 3 mg of drosperinone and 30 mcg of ethinyl estradiol (DRSP/EE) with institution of a randomized protocol to manage BTB/BTS.

Results

Of the 111 patients initiating the extended OC regimen, 102 (92%) completed the 168-day regimen. Subjects having a heavier daily flow rating during the 21/7-day pre-extension cycle had greater daily flow ratings (P < .001) and tended to have earlier occurrence of BTB during the extended regimen (P = .07) than subjects with lighter daily flow ratings. If BTB/BTS of at least 7 consecutive days occurred, patients were randomized to taking a 3-day hormone free interval (HFI) versus continuing active pills. Instituting a 3-day HFI was significantly more effective in resolving BTB/BTS than continuing active pills (P < .0001). Patients with heavier daily flow ratings during the 21/7-day cycle were not more likely to be randomized for BTB/BTS than those with lighter flow ratings (P = .53).

Conclusion

A 168-day extended regimen of DRSP/EE had an acceptable bleeding profile with a high continuation rate. Bleeding during the extended cycle was effectively managed with institution of a 3-day HFI.

Section snippets

Material and methods

This single center, prospective study of a cohort of patients was approved by the hospital institutional review board. Patients were all current OC users of at least 3 months duration, between the ages of 18 and 48, with no contraindications to continued oral contraceptive use including uncontrolled hypertension, history of stoke, myocardial infarction, hypercoagulable state, liver disease, classic migraine, breast cancer, deep venous thrombosis or pulmonary embolism, or insulin-dependent

Results

Of 114 patients that began the baseline 21/7 day cycles, 111 patients completed the requirements and entered the extended phase of the study. Three dropped out of the pre-extension phase: 1 because of headaches, 1 for early withdrawal bleeding on the 21/7 regimen, and 1 noncompliance with study protocol. Of the 111 subjects that were compliant with daily bleeding diaries and pill taking during the 21/7 cycle and allowed to begin the extension phase, 102 (92%) completed the 168 days of active

Comment

OC regimens were arbitrarily designed in a 21/7-day regimen to mimic an endogenous menstrual cycle of 28 days. The withdrawal bleed served to reassure women that they were not pregnant. This monthly induced withdrawal bleeding with a 21/7 regimen is artificial, provides no documented health benefits, and has been associated with hormone withdrawal symptoms.2 Several investigators have evaluated extended OC regimens. Miller and Hughes randomized 79 patients to a 21/7-day versus 336-day

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    Such a PFI seems to discourage further nuisance bleeding when the pill is restarted, leading to the desired combination of fewer and shorter withdrawal bleeds. One study of 48 women on continuous COC, randomized those with bleeding to continued pill taking or a 3-day PFI and found reduced bleeding following the short PFI [9]. These promising findings need further investigation in parallel group trials that can compare continuation rates, as well as bleeding patterns and menstrual symptoms, between standard and tailored COC use, over a longer time period.

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Funding provided by Berlex Laboratories, Montville, NJ.

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