Elsevier

Obstetrics & Gynecology

Volume 93, Issue 6, June 1999, Pages 1021-1024
Obstetrics & Gynecology

Original Articles
Risk of repetition of a severe perineal laceration

https://doi.org/10.1016/S0029-7844(98)00556-0Get rights and content

Abstract

Objective: To compare the outcome of subsequent delivery in women with a history of a third- or fourth-degree laceration with outcomes in women without such a history.

Methods: This retrospective study used a perinatal database and chart review from 1978 to 1995. Only women whose first delivery was at our institution at more than 36 weeks’ gestation, vaginal singleton, vertex presentation, and birth weight greater than 2500 g, with a subsequent delivery were included. The women were grouped by presence or absence of a third- or fourth-degree (severe) perineal laceration in their first delivery. The subsequent delivery was analyzed for maternal age, weight, birth weight, gestational age, method of delivery, use of episiotomy, and occurrence of a severe laceration. Comparison of data was by Fisher exact and t tests.

Results: Four thousand fifteen women met our starting criteria. In their first delivery, the average birth weight, use of instrumentation, and episiotomy rate were significantly higher in those women sustaining a severe laceration. When compared with women without a history of severe perineal laceration, women with such a history were at more than twice the risk for another in their subsequent delivery. The women at highest risk (21.4%) were those sustaining a laceration in their first delivery who underwent instrumental vaginal delivery with episiotomy in their subsequent delivery. When episiotomy or instrumental delivery was performed in the second vaginal birth, 52 (11.6%) of 449 women with a history of a severe perineal laceration sustained another, compared with 98 (6.5%) of 1509 without such a history (P < .001, odds ratio 1.9, 95% confidence interval 1.3, 2.7).

Conclusion: Women delivering their second baby, and in whom episiotomy or instrumentation is used, are at increased risk of severe perineal laceration compared with women delivery spontaneously.

Section snippets

Materials and methods

The delivering attendant recorded use of episiotomy and evaluation of laceration or trauma. First-degree lacerations involve only the vaginal mucosa. Second-degree lacerations extend into the perineal body. Third-degree lacerations extend into the anal sphincter. Fourth-degree lacerations extend through the rectal mucosa. In the present study, severe laceration was used to identify third- or fourth-degree extension or tear. No laceration was used to identify both episiotomy without extension

Results

There were 4015 women who met our starting criteria of nulliparity, gestational age greater than 36 weeks, singleton, and vertex presentation who had a subsequent delivery at our institution. Seven hundred seventy-four (19.3%) had a severe perineal laceration. Delivery characteristics of these women are shown in Table 1. There was no difference in the maternal age and weight at delivery between women who had a severe perineal laceration and those who did not. The average birth weight, use of

Discussion

Physicians and midwives depend on their training and experience when faced with a decision to perform an episiotomy. Proponents claim that the proper use of midline episiotomy can minimize perineal and anterior vaginal wall damage, pelvic floor relaxation, and trauma to the neonate. However, midline episiotomy has been linked to significant morbidity, especially severe perineal laceration. Rectovaginal fistula, loss of rectal tone, perineal abscess formation, unsatisfactory anatomic repair,

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