Hazard ratios for diabetes in children and youth
| Characteristic | Birth to age 22 yr | Birth to age 12 yr | Age 12 to 22 yr | |||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Unadjusted HR (95% CI) | Adjusted HR (95% CI) | Unadjusted HR (95% CI) | Adjusted HR (95%CI) | Unadjusted HR (95% CI) | Adjusted HR (95%CI) | |
| Maternal gestational diabetes | 1.88 (1.51–2.33) | 1.77 (1.41–2.22) | 1.52 (1.16–1.97) | 1.43 (1.09–1.89) | 2.89 (1.94–4.29) | 2.53 (1.67–3.85) |
| Female sex* | 1.18 (0.96–1.45) | 1.23 (0.99–1.52) | 0.95 (0.74–1.23) | 0.99 (0.76–1.29) | 1.74 (1.22–2.49) | 1.86 (1.28–2.70) |
| Gestational age, wk† | ||||||
| < 32 | 1.66 (0.89–3.13) | 1.53 (0.78–3.0) | 1.70 (1.15–2.64) | 1.29 (0.47–3.50) | 3.54 (1.56–8.05) | 2.97 (1.19–7.42) |
| 32 to 37 | 1.39 (0.96–2.0) | 1.13 (0.74–1.72) | 1.29 (0.48–3.46) | 1.56 (0.97–2.50) | 0.73 (0.32–1.65) | 0.42 (0.15–1.18) |
| Birth weight category, g‡ | ||||||
| < 3000 | 1.31 (1.02–1.67) | 1.24 (0.95–1.63) | 1.30 (0.95–1.76) | 1.17 (0.83–1.65) | 1.30 (0.86–1.98) | 1.34 (0.85–2.11) |
| > 4000 | 1.38 (1.01–1.88) | 1.35 (0.98–1.85) | 1.33 (0.90–1.97) | 1.33 (0.87–1.98) | 1.51 (0.91–2.53) | 1.42 (0.84–2.41) |
| Ethnocultural background | ||||||
| Non-European§ | 1.04¶ (0.79–1.35) | 1.08** (0.82–1.41) | 0.98 (0.71–1.37) | 1.05 (0.76–1.47) | 0.85 (0.54–1.33) | 0.80 (0.51–1.27) |
| Deprivation level | ||||||
| 4 least deprived quintiles†† | 1.08 (0.83–1.4) | 1.13 (0.86–1.47) | 1.23 (0.88–1.72) | 1.27 (0.90–1.79) | 0.87 (0.57–1.31) | 0.91 (0.59–1.34) |
| Previous pregnancy | 1.12 (0.91–1.38) | 1.04 (0.84–1.30) | 1.0 (0.77–1.31) | 0.96 (0.73–1.26) | 2.02 (1.42–2.87) | 1.74 (1.20–2.54) |
| Maternal autoimmune disease | 1.22 (0.98–1.51) | 1.14 (0.91–1.42) | 1.27 (0.97–1.67) | 1.21 (0.92–1.60) | 1.34 (0.94–1.93) | 1.20 (0.82–1.75) |
Note: CI = confidence interval, HR = hazard ratio.
↵* Reference group is boys.
↵† Reference group for gestational age is 37 weeks or more.
↵‡ Reference group for birth weight categories is 3000 to 4000 g.
↵§ European background is defined as birth in North America, Europe and Australia with European first language.
↵¶ In univariate analyses, Indigenous origin versus European (unadjusted HR 3.42, 95% CI 1.70–6.9) and West Asian origin versus European (unadjusted HR 1.63, 95% CI 1.08–2.44) showed associations with offspring diabetes.
↵** In multivariate analyses, Indigenous origin versus European (adjusted HR 3.49, 95% CI 1.67–7.27) and West Asian origin versus European (adjusted HR 1.68, 95% CI 1.11–2.53) also showed associations with offspring diabetes.
↵†† Four least deprived quintiles compared with most deprived quintile classified by the Institut national de santé publique material deprivation index.20