Mean scores* on the 10-item Kessler Psychological Distress Scale among Indigenous peoples living off-reserve (n = 14 410)
| Characteristic | Total | Men | Women | |||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Mean score | p value | Mean score | p value | Mean score | p value | |
| Total | 16.1 | 15.2 | 16.7 | |||
| Demographic variable | ||||||
| Sex | ||||||
| Male | 15.2 | < 0.001 | ||||
| Female | 16.7 | |||||
| Marital status | ||||||
| Married | 17.0 | < 0.001 | 16.3 | < 0.001 | 17.6 | < 0.001 |
| Divorced or widowed | 15.2 | 14.5 | 15.8 | |||
| Single | 17.3 | 15.7 | 17.8 | |||
| Cultural group | ||||||
| Métis | 15.9 | < 0.001 | 15.0 | < 0.001 | 16.6 | < 0.001 |
| Status First Nations | 16.1 | 15.3 | 16.6 | |||
| Non-status First Nations | 16.8 | 15.6 | 17.7 | |||
| Inuit | 15.4 | 14.6 | 16.0 | |||
| Socioeconomic variable | ||||||
| Education level | ||||||
| ≤ Grade 8 | 16.5 | < 0.001 | 16.0 | < 0.001 | 17.0 | < 0.001 |
| Grades 9–10 | 17.9 | 16.2 | 19.3 | |||
| Grade 11–secondary completed | 16.2 | 15.3 | 16.9 | |||
| Some postsecondary | 16.4 | 15.5 | 17.3 | |||
| Postsecondary degree/diploma | 15.4 | 14.6 | 15.9 | |||
| Employment status | ||||||
| Employed | 15.2 | < 0.001 | 14.7 | < 0.001 | 15.7 | < 0.001 |
| Not in the labour force | 17.9 | 16.6 | 18.5 | |||
| Unemployed | 16.9 | 15.9 | 17.8 | |||
| Household crowding | ||||||
| Rooms per capita ≤ 2 | 16.6 | < 0.001 | 15.6 | < 0.001 | 17.4 | < 0.001 |
| Rooms per capita > 2 to 4 | 15.5 | 14.7 | 16.1 | |||
| Rooms per capita > 4 | 15.1 | 14.7 | 15.5 | |||
| Housing maintenance | ||||||
| Regular | 15.5 | < 0.001 | 14.8 | < 0.001 | 16.0 | < 0.001 |
| Minor | 16.3 | 15.3 | 17.1 | |||
| Major | 17.9 | 16.6 | 18.8 | |||
| Food security | ||||||
| High | 14.9 | < 0.001 | 14.3 | < 0.001 | 15.4 | < 0.001 |
| Low | 18.8 | 18.2 | 19.3 | |||
| Very low | 23.7 | 22.2 | 24.4 | |||
| Behavioural variable | ||||||
| Drinking habit | ||||||
| Regular drinker (yes) | 15.7 | < 0.001 | 14.9 | < 0.001 | 16.4 | < 0.001 |
| Regular drinker (no) | 16.6 | 15.7 | 17.1 | |||
| Smoking habit | ||||||
| Daily tobacco use (yes) | 17.9 | < 0.001 | 16.8 | < 0.001 | 18.7 | < 0.001 |
| Daily tobacco use (no) | 15.3 | 14.4 | 15.9 | |||
| Social connectedness variable | ||||||
| Strong extended family tie (yes) | 15.1 | < 0.001 | 14.1 | < 0.001 | 15.8 | < 0.001 |
| Strong extended family tie (no) | 17.0 | 16.1 | 17.9 | |||
| No one to turn to for support (yes) | 18.5 | < 0.001 | 16.0 | < 0.001 | 21.7 | < 0.001 |
| No one to turn to for support (no) | 15.9 | 15.1 | 16.5 | |||
| Other cultural variable | ||||||
| Cultural engagement | ||||||
| Clothing or footwear (yes) | 17.0 | < 0.001 | 17.0 | < 0.001 | 17.1 | 0.002 |
| Clothing or footwear (no) | 16.0 | 15.1 | 16.7 | |||
| Art craft (yes) | 17.4 | < 0.001 | 16.6 | < 0.001 | 17.9 | < 0.001 |
| Art craft (no) | 15.5 | 14.8 | 16.2 | |||
| Hunting/fishing/trapping (yes) | 15.6 | < 0.001 | 14.9 | < 0.001 | 16.7 | 0.7 |
| Hunting/fishing/trapping (no) | 16.3 | 15.5 | 16.8 | |||
| Plant gathering (yes) | 16.5 | < 0.001 | 15.3 | 0.05 | 17.4 | < 0.001 |
| Plant gathering (no) | 15.9 | 15.1 | 16.5 | |||
| Language | ||||||
| Speak Indigenous language (yes) | 15.9 | 0.04 | 14.6 | < 0.001 | 16.7 | 0.8 |
| Speak Indigenous language (no) | 16.1 | 15.3 | 16.8 | |||
| Residential school variable | ||||||
| Not attended | 15.7 | < 0.001 | 15.0 | < 0.001 | 16.3 | < 0.001 |
| Any family member attended | 16.7 | 15.6 | 17.5 | |||
| Missing | 17.1 | 15.8 | 18.2 | |||
| Geographical variable | ||||||
| Urbanicity | ||||||
| Rural | 15.0 | < 0.001 | 14.7 | < 0.001 | 15.3 | < 0.001 |
| Small population centre | 15.4 | 14.7 | 16.0 | |||
| Medium population centre | 16.8 | 15.1 | 17.8 | |||
| Urban | 16.7 | 15.7 | 17.5 | |||
| Regions | ||||||
| Atlantic provinces | 15.3 | < 0.001 | 14.2 | < 0.001 | 16.1 | < 0.001 |
| Quebec | 15.5 | 15.2 | 15.8 | |||
| Ontario | 16.6 | 15.5 | 17.5 | |||
| Manitoba | 16.4 | 15.5 | 17.1 | |||
| Saskatchewan | 15.5 | 14.8 | 16.0 | |||
| Alberta | 16.0 | 15.0 | 16.6 | |||
| British Columbia | 16.2 | 15.2 | 16.9 | |||
| Territories | 15.2 | 14.5 | 15.7 | |||
↵* Total scores of the 10-item Kessler Psychological Distress Scale range from 10 (no distress) to 50 (severe distress).