Adjusted rate ratios* of infant hospitalization comparing First Nations versus non-Indigenous infants in Quebec
| Reason for infant hospitalization | Model 1† RR (95% CI) | Model 2‡ RR (95% CI) | Model 3§ RR (95% CI) | Model 4¶ RR (95% CI) |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Any cause | 1.97 (1.87–2.08) | 1.46 (1.40–1.52) | 1.45 (1.39–1.52) | 1.43 (1.37–1.50) |
| Infections | 2.14 (2.01–2.28) | 1.73 (1.60–1.86) | 1.72 (1.59–1.85) | 1.66 (1.54–1.78) |
| Injuries/accidents | 1.50 (1.30–1.73) | 1.18 (1.01–1.40) | 1.23 (1.02–1.48) | 1.16 (0.97–1.39) |
| Congenital anomalies | 1.68 (1.48–1.92) | 1.37(1.16–1.61) | 1.36 (1.16–1.60) | 1.35 (1.15–1.59) |
| Perinatal-originated conditions | 1.40 (1.18–1.66) | 0.98 (0.79–1.23) | 0.98 (0.78–1.21) | 0.95 (0.75–1.19) |
| Respiratory system | 2.68 (2.58–2.83) | 2.09 (1.98–2.20) | 1.98 (1.86–2.09) | 1.91 (1.80–2.03) |
| Digestive system | 2.00 (1.81–2.22) | 1.51 (1.33–1.72) | 1.50 (1.32–1.71) | 1.49 (1.31–1.69) |
| Nervous system | 2.31 (2.16–2.46) | 1.69 (1.55–1.83) | 1.64 (1.43–1.88) | 1.64 (1.43–1.89) |
| Genitourinary system | 1.84 (1.58–2.13) | 1.77 (1.47–2.14) | 1.76 (1.46–2.12) | 1.75 (1.45–2.11) |
| Musculoskeletal system | 2.25 (1.33–3.81) | 1.44 (0.66–3.16) | 1.42 (0.65–3.12) | 1.34 (0.60–2.98) |
| Circulatory system | 1.95 (1.47–2.59) | 1.54 (1.08–2.19) | 1.53 (1.07–2.17) | 1.50 (0.86–2.61) |
| Endocrine system | 2.33 (2.08–2.61) | 1.54 (1.33–1.78) | 1.54 (1.33–1.79) | 1.49 (1.29–1.73) |
| Skin and subcutaneous tissue | 5.11 (4.56–5.72) | 3.06 (2.64–3.57) | 3.05 (2.62–3.55) | 3.00 (2.58–3.49) |
| Blood | 1.38 (0.93–2.07) | 1.07 (0.67–1.68) | 0.99 (0.63–1.56) | 0.96 (0.57–1.60) |
| Mental/neurodevelopmental disorders | 1.37 (0.66–2.84) | 1.36 (0.62–2.97) | 1.24 (0.51–3.00) | 1.20 (0.50–2.95) |
| Neoplasms | 0.75 (0.45–1.26) | 0.86 (0.48–1.56) | 0.95 (0.53–1.75) | 0.91 (0.50–1.71) |
| Undefined symptoms | 1.48 (1.33–1.66) | 1.15 (1.03–1.30) | 1.13 (1.01–1.27) | 1.10 (0.95–1.27) |
Note: CI = confidence interval, RR = rate ratio.
↵* RRs were calculated from log-binomial models accounting for mother-level cluster effects (multiple infants of the same mother).
↵† Model 1: RRs adjusted for cluster effects (multiple infants of the same mother) only.
↵‡ Model 2: Model 1 further adjusted for maternal characteristics (age, education, marital status, parity, rural residence and Northern residence).
↵§ Model 3: Model 2 further adjusted for maternal chronic illnesses (hypertension, diabetes, heart disease, renal disorders, genitourinary infections).
↵¶ Model 4: Model 3 further adjusted for gestational complications (anemia, gestational diabetes, gestational hypertension and preeclampsia).