Characteristics of prospective cohort studies investigating the dietary intake of total sugars, fructose and sucrose and incident type 2 diabetes
| Study, year | Cohort | Country | No. of participants | No. of incident cases | Age, yr | Duration of study, yr | Dietary intake assessment (at baseline) | Sugars exposure,† g/d | Method of outcome assessment | Funding source‡ |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Colditz et al., 1992 (24) | Nurses Health Study | United States | 84 360 (F) | 702 | 34–59 | 6 | Validated SFFQ | Sucrose exposure unknown | Self-report | Agency |
| Meyer et al., 2000 (25) | Iowa Women’s Health Study | United States | 35 988 (F) | 1141 | 55–69 | 6 | Validated FFQ | Sucrose 25.8–57.7, fructose 12.5–35.5 | Self-report | Agency |
| Janket et al., 2003 (26) | Women’s Health Study | United States | 38 480 (F) | 918 | 46–61 | 6 | Validated SFFQ | Sucrose 25.8–57.2, fructose 25.8–57.2, total sugars 25.8–57.2 | Self-report | Agency |
| Hodge et al., 2004 (27) | Melbourne Collaborative Cohort Study | Australia | 31 641 | 365 | 27–75 | 4 | FFQ | Total sugars 63.6–194.4 | Physician diagnosis | Agency |
| Barclay et al., 2007 (28) | Blue Mountains Eye Study | Australia | 1833 | 138 | ≥ 49 | 10 | Validated SFFQ | Total sugars 100 | Self-report | NA |
| Montonen et al., 2007 (29) | Finnish Mobile Health Clinic Examination Survey | Finland | 4284 | 175 | 40–69 | 12 | Interview with questionnaire | Sucrose 28.5–79.5, fructose 6.0–28.8, total sugars 92.0–171 | Medical record linkage | NA |
| Schulze et al., 2008 (30) | EPIC- Potsdam | Germany | 9702 (M), 15 365 (F) | 491 (M), 355 (F) | 35–65 | 7–11 | Validated SFFQ | Sucrose 22.5–102 (M), 28.2–83.4 (F); fructose 8.4–40.6 (M), 11–34.8 (F) | Physician diagnosis | Agency |
| Sluijs et al., 2013 (31) | EPIC-InterAct Study | The Netherlands | 2290 | 828 | 20–70 | 12 | Quantitative Dietary Questionnaire | Total sugars 65–137 | Medical record linkage | Agency |
| Sluijs et al., 2013 (31) | EPIC-InterAct Study | Denmark | 4037 | 2055 | 50–64 | 12 | Validated SFFQ | Total sugars 65–137 | Medical record linkage | Agency |
| Sluijs et al., 2013 (31) | EPIC-InterAct Study | France | 867 (F) | 288 | 40–65 | 12 | Quantitative Dietary Questionnaire | Total sugars 65–137 | Medical record linkage | Agency |
| Sluijs et al., 2013 (31) | EPIC-InterAct Study | Germany | 3578 | 1584 | 40–65 (M), 35–65 (F) | 12 | Quantitative Dietary Questionnaire | Total sugars 65–137 | Medical record linkage | Agency |
| Sluijs et al., 2013 (31) | EPIC-InterAct Study | Italy | 3393 | 1437 | 35–74 | 12 | Quantitative Dietary Questionnaire; Naples, Validated SFFQ; Ragusa, Dietary Interview | Total sugars 65–137 | Medical record linkage | Agency |
| Sluijs et al., 2013 (31) | EPIC-InterAct Study | Spain | 5889 | 2564 | 40–65 (M), 35–65 (F) | 12 | Quantitative Dietary Questionnaire, Dietary Interview | Total sugars 65–137 | Medical record linkage | Agency |
| Sluijs et al., 2013 (31) | EPIC-InterAct Study | Sweden | 5401 | 2622 | 30–72 | 12 | Validated SFFQ, 14-d record | Total sugars 65–137 | Medical record linkage | Agency |
| Ahmadi- Abhari et al., 2014 (32) | EPIC-Norfolk Study | England | 4153 | 753 | 40–79 | 6.3 | Validated SFFQ, 7-d food diary | Sucrose 25–76.5, fructose 8–32, total sugars 71.5–149.5 | Medical record linkage | Agency |
Note: F = females, FFQ = Food-Frequency Questionnaire, HR = hazard ratio, IQR = interquartile range, M = males, NA = not available, SD = standard deviation, SFFQ = Semiquantitative Food-Frequency Questionnaire.
* Durations reported as mean ± SD, median (IQR) or as a range.
↵† Sugars exposure reported as median (IQR) or as a range.
↵‡ Agency funding is that from government, university or not-for-profit health agency sources.