Association of inflammatory biomarkers with all-cause, cardiovascular and cancer-related mortality
| Outcome; follow-up period, yr | Deaths/N | Biomarker; HR* (95% CI) | ||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Model 1† | Model 2‡ | Model 3§ | ||||||||
| AGP | IL-6 | CRP | AGP | IL-6 | CRP | AGP | IL-6 | CRP | ||
| All-cause mortality | ||||||||||
| Overall | 736/6545 | 1.18 (1.09–1.27) | 1.35 (1.26–1.44) | 1.27 (1.17–1.37) | 1.06 (0.97–1.15) | 1.25 (1.16–1.35) | 1.17 (1.07–1.27) | 0.99 (0.90–1.08) | 1.22 (1.12–1.33) | 1.07 (0.97–1.18) |
| < 5 | 107/6545 | 1.43 (1.19–1.72) | 1.75 (1.49–2.06) | 1.65 (1.36–2.00) | 1.30 (1.06–1.59) | 1.61 (1.36–1.92) | 1.54 (1.25–1.90) | 1.09 (0.87–1.37) | 1.47 (1.20–1.81) | 1.18 (0.93–1.51) |
| 5–10 | 175/6438 | 1.24 (1.08–1.44) | 1.36 (1.18–1.56) | 1.28 (1.10–1.50) | 1.15 (0.98–1.34) | 1.28 (1.10–1.49) | 1.21 (1.02–1.43) | 1.06 (0.89–1.27) | 1.23 (1.04–1.46) | 1.06 (0.87–1.30) |
| ≥ 10 | 454/6263 | 1.09 (0.99–1.20) | 1.25 (1.14–1.37) | 1.18 (1.08–1.31) | 0.98 (0.88–1.09) | 1.15 (1.04–1.27) | 1.07 (0.96–1.20) | 0.93 (0.83–1.05) | 1.15 (1.03–1.28) | 1.04 (0.91–1.18) |
| Cardiovascular mortality¶ | ||||||||||
| Overall | 181/6541 | 1.27 (1.10–1.46) | 1.37 (1.19–1.57) | 1.51 (1.30–1.76) | 1.06 (0.90–1.24) | 1.19 (1.02–1.39) | 1.32 (1.12–1.57) | 0.94 (0.79–1.13) | 1.08 (0.90–1.29) | 1.30 (1.06–1.61) |
| < 5 | 31/6543 | 1.44 (1.02–2.05) | 1.57 (1.14–2.16) | 1.56 (1.08–2.24) | 1.28 (0.87–1.87) | 1.34 (0.96–1.88) | 1.49 (1.00–2.22) | 1.11 (0.72–1.71) | 1.17 (0.78–1.76) | 1.28 (0.78–2.11) |
| 5–10 | 42/6436 | 1.32 (0.98–1.77) | 1.51 (1.15–1.99) | 1.63 (1.19–2.21) | 1.06 (0.76–1.48) | 1.36 (1.01–1.85) | 1.39 (0.99–1.97) | 0.92 (0.64–1.31) | 1.25 (0.87–1.79) | 1.28 (0.84–1.95) |
| ≥ 10 | 108/6263 | 1.20 (1.00–1.45) | 1.26 (1.04–1.51) | 1.45 (1.19–1.77) | 0.99 (0.81–1.22) | 1.07 (0.86–1.33) | 1.25 (1.00–1.57) | 0.91 (0.72–1.14) | 0.97 (0.76–1.24) | 1.32 (1.00–1.75) |
| Cancer-related mortality¶ | ||||||||||
| Overall | 347/6541 | 1.09 (0.98–1.22) | 1.25 (1.13–1.39) | 1.23 (1.11–1.38) | 0.99 (0.88–1.12) | 1.17 (1.04–1.30) | 1.15 (1.02–1.30) | 0.92 (0.81–1.06) | 1.13 (1.00–1.29) | 1.12 (0.97–1.29) |
| < 5 | 54/6543 | 1.50 (1.17–1.91) | 1.66 (1.32–2.09) | 1.78 (1.37–2.33) | 1.35 (1.02–1.78) | 1.52 (1.18–1.97) | 1.64 (1.23–2.19) | 1.13 (0.83–1.53) | 1.30 (0.96–1.76) | 1.34 (0.95–1.90) |
| 5–10 | 87/6436 | 1.11 (0.90–1.38) | 1.21 (0.98–1.48) | 1.17 (0.94–1.46) | 1.01 (0.79–1.28) | 1.11 (0.88–1.40) | 1.07 (0.84–1.38) | 0.97 (0.75–1.27) | 1.09 (0.85–1.41) | 1.04 (0.78–1.39) |
| ≥ 10 | 206/6263 | 0.99 (0.85–1.15) | 1.17 (1.02–1.34) | 1.14 (0.99–1.32) | 0.90 (0.76–1.07) | 1.10 (0.95–1.28) | 1.08 (0.92–1.27) | 0.85 (0.71–1.02) | 1.10 (0.93–1.30) | 1.10 (0.91–1.34) |
Note: AGP = α1-acid glycoprotein, CI = confidence interval, CRP = C-reactive protein, HR = hazard ratio, IL-6 = interleukin-6.
↵* Hazard ratios are per 1 standard deviation increase in the inflammatory biomarker.
↵† Adjusted for age and sex.
↵‡ Adjusted for all covariates (age, sex, socioeconomic status, body mass index, health behaviours and chronic disease).
↵§ Adjusted for all covariates and other inflammatory biomarkers.
↵¶ Four participants with unknown cause of death were excluded from these analyses.