Perinatal and neonatal mortality and morbidity, by location of residence, British Columbia, 2005–2010*
| Outcome | Rural area | Urban area | Crude OR (95% CI) | Adjusted OR‡ (95% CI) | Adjusted OR§ (95% CI) | ||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| No. | Rate per 100 live births† | No. | Rate per 100 live births† | ||||
| All births | 26 241 | 23 4149 | |||||
| Fetal death | 216 | 0.82** | 2105 | 0.90** | 0.91 (0.79–1.05) | 0.90 (0.78–1.04) | |
| Perinatal death | 264 | 1.01** | 2594 | 1.11** | 0.91 (0.80–1.03) | 0.90 (0.78–1.02) | 0.95 (0.81–1.10) |
| Live births | 26 025 | 23 2044 | |||||
| Preterm birth | |||||||
| < 34 wk | 574 | 2.21 | 5380 | 2.32 | 0.95 (0.87–1.04) | 0.91 (0.83–1.01) | 1.06 (0.95–1.17) |
| < 37 wk | 1941 | 7.46 | 16 561 | 7.14 | 1.04 (1.00–1.10) | 1.00 (0.95–1.04) | 1.06 (1.01–1.11) |
| Apgar score < 7 at 5 min | 520 | 2.01 | 3855 | 1.66 | 1.21 (1.10–1.33) | 1.20 (1.09–1.31) | 1.24 (1.13–1.31) |
| Small for gestational age | 1614 | 6.21 | 16 241 | 7.00 | 0.88 (0.83–0.93) | 0.90 (0.85–0.95) | |
| Large for gestational age | 4034 | 15.51 | 30 645 | 13.21 | 1.21 (1.16–1.25) | 1.14 (1.10–1.19) | |
| NICU admission | 1013 | 3.89 | 20 018 | 8.63 | 0.43 (0.40–0.46) | 0.41 (0.38–0.44) | 0.36 (0.33–0.38) |
| Length of NICU admission > 1 d | 780 | 3.00 | 13 082 | 5.64 | 0.52 (0.48–0.56) | 0.48 (0.45–0.52) | 0.43 (0.40–0.47) |
| Severe neonatal morbidity¶ | 417 | 1.60 | 3637 | 1.57 | 1.02 (0.92–1.13) | 1.00 (0.90–1.11) | 1.14 (1.02–1.29) |
| Neonatal death | 48 | 0.18 | 489 | 0.21 | 0.87 (0.65–1.18) | 0.89 (0.66–1.02) | 0.87 (0.63–1.19) |
| Death or severe neonatal morbidity¶ | 451 | 1.73 | 3949 | 1.70 | 1.02 (0.92–1.12) | 1.01 (0.91–1.12) | 1.13 (1.01–1.27) |
Note: CI = confidence interval, NICU = neonatal intensive care unit, OR = odds ratio.
↵* Missing values < 1% not shown.
↵† Unless stated otherwise.
↵‡ Adjusted for pregnancy risk factors: maternal age, low socioeconomic status, drug use during pregnancy, smoking during pregnancy, multifetal pregnancy, parity (nullipara, grand multipara), diabetes mellitus, gestational diabetes, hypertension in pregnancy, previous cesarean delivery, prior perinatal death, congenital anomaly and male fetus.
↵§ Adjusted for pregnancy risk factors above, as well as labour and delivery risk factors: vaginal birth after cesarean, forceps delivery, vacuum delivery, emergency cesarean delivery, premature rupture of membranes, labour induction, labour augmentation, epidural analgesia, spinal analgesia, general anesthesia and attendant at delivery. Outcomes other than preterm birth were also adjusted for very preterm birth (20–33 wk) and late preterm birth (34–36 wk).
↵¶ Includes any of the following: respiratory distress syndrome, retinopathy of prematurity, intraventricular hemorrhage (grade 3 or more), intracranial hemorrhage, sepsis, necrotizing enterocolitis, ventilator use for more than 30 days, use of oxygen or continuous positive airway pressure ventilator for more than 30 days, parenteral nutrition for more than 30 days.
↵** Rate per 100 total births.