Prevalence rates and odds ratios for mild and severe congenital heart disease (CHD) in offspring in relation to maternal chronic diseases
| Maternal chronic disease | Mild CHD | Severe CHD | ||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Prevalence per 1000 live births (95% CI) | Unadjusted OR (95% CI) | Adjusted OR* (95% CI) | Prevalence per 1000 live births (95% CI) | Unadjusted OR (95% CI) | Adjusted OR* (95% CI) | |
| Diabetes mellitus, type 1 | ||||||
| No | 16.5 (16.3–16.8) | Reference | Reference | 1.4 (1.3–1.4) | Reference | Reference |
| Yes | 111.7 (81.1–149.9) | 7.55 (5.52–10.32) | 2.39 (1.70–3.35) | 2.5 (0.1–14.1) | 1.92 (0.27–13.63) | 0.73 (0.10–5.32) |
| Diabetes mellitus, type 2 | ||||||
| No | 16.3 (16.0–16.5) | Reference | Reference | 1.3 (1.3–1.4) | Reference | Reference |
| Yes | 56.5 (52.1–61.1) | 3.63 (3.34–3.95) | 2.82 (2.57–3.10) | 4.0 (2.9–5.4) | 3.04 (2.25–4.10) | 2.80 (2.04–3.85) |
| Hypertension | ||||||
| No | 16.4 (16.2–16.6) | Reference | Reference | 1.3 (1.3–1.4) | Reference | Reference |
| Yes | 41.6 (37.9–45.5) | 2.61 (2.37–2.86) | 1.89 (1.70–2.09) | 2.3 (1.5–3.4) | 1.77 (1.21–2.59) | 1.35 (0.90–2.02) |
| Thyroid disorders | ||||||
| No | 16.6 (16.3–16.8) | Reference | Reference | 1.4 (1.3–1.4) | Reference | Reference |
| Yes | 18.6 (16.6–20.7) | 1.12 (1.01–1.26) | 1.00 (0.89–1.12) | 1.0 (0.6–1.6) | 0.72 (0.45–1.17) | 0.73 (0.45–1.18) |
| Congenital heart defects | ||||||
| No | 16.5 (16.3–16.7) | Reference | Reference | 1.3 (1.2–1.4) | Reference | Reference |
| Yes | 52.6 (42.8–64.0) | 3.24 (2.62–4.01) | 2.97 (2.37–3.71) | 9.0 (5.3–14.5) | 6.63 (4.06–10.83) | 6.72 (4.06–11.12) |
| Anemia | ||||||
| No | 16.2 (15.9–16.4) | Reference | Reference | 1.3 (1.2–1.4) | Reference | Reference |
| Yes | 21.9 (21.0–22.8) | 1.36 (1.30–1.42) | 1.32 (1.26–1.38) | 1.4 (1.2–1.7) | 1.07 (0.90–1.27) | 1.03 (0.86–1.23) |
| Connective tissue disorders | ||||||
| No | 16.5 (16.3–16.7) | Reference | Reference | 1.4 (1.3–1.4) | Reference | Reference |
| Yes | 25.4 (21.8–29.3) | 1.55 (1.34–1.80) | 1.42 (1.21–1.65) | 1.1 (0.5–2.2) | 0.83 (0.38–1.80) | 0.88 (0.40–1.90) |
| Epilepsy | ||||||
| No | 16.6 (16.3–16.8) | Reference | Reference | 1.4 (1.3–1.4) | Reference | Reference |
| Yes | 24.3 (19.2–30.2) | 1.48 (1.18–1.86) | 1.39 (1.10–1.77) | 1.8 (0.7–4.0) | 1.37 (0.61–3.05) | 1.18 (0.49–2.83) |
| Mood disorders | ||||||
| No | 16.5 (16.3–16.7) | Reference | Reference | 1.4 (1.3–1.4) | Reference | Reference |
| Yes | 23.4 (30.0–26.1) | 1.43 (1.28–1.59) | 1.26 (1.11–1.42) | 1.7 (1.1–2.5) | 1.25 (0.82–1.90) | 1.20 (0.76–1.87) |
| Any of the above | ||||||
| No | 15.7 (15.5–15.9) | Reference | Reference | 1.3 (1.3–1.4) | Reference | Reference |
| Yes | 25.7 (24.9–26.5) | 1.60 (1.54–1.66) | 1.55 (1.50–1.61) | 1.7 (1.5–1.9) | 1.28 (1.12–1.46) | 1.27 (1.10–1.46) |
Note: CI = confidence interval, OR = odds ratio.
↵* Estimated from a multiple logistic regression model with the generalized estimating equation, with adjustment for maternal nationality, parental age, level of parental education, birth order, single v. multiple births, sex of the infant, infant’s year of birth, urbanization of the birth site, and maternal smoking and alcohol consumption.