Results of 2-part regression model predicting health care utilization and total health care costs over a 12-month period
| Variable | Odds of health care expenditure* n = 67 033 | Total health care costs per person† n = 59 817 | ||
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Unadjusted OR (95% CI) | Adjusted‡ OR (95% CI) | Unadjusted mean, $ (95% CI) | Adjusted‡ mean, $ (95% CI) | |
| Food insecurity status | ||||
| Food secure | 1.00 (ref) | 1.00 (ref) | 1516 (1498–1534) | 1438 (1421–1455) |
| Marginally food insecure | 1.03 (0.90–1.17) | 1.13 (0.99–1.29) | 1748 (1647–1849) | 1673 (1579–1767) |
| Moderately food insecure | 1.21 (1.08–1.36) | 1.33 (1.18–1.50) | 2143 (2037–2249) | 1892 (1800–1985) |
| Severely food insecure | 1.54 (1.30–1.81) | 1.71 (1.44–2.04) | 3078 (2883–3273) | 2529 (2370–2688) |
| Age§ | 1.02 (1.02–1.02) | 1.02 (1.02–1.02) | 1542 (1525–1559) | 1494 (1478–1511) |
| Sex | ||||
| Male | 1.00 (ref) | 1.00 (ref) | 1216 (1196–1237) | 1128 (1109–1146) |
| Female | 3.00 (2.84–3.16) | 2.98 (2.83–3.15) | 2011 (1981–2041) | 1855 (1828–1882) |
| Education level | ||||
| Less than secondary school graduation | 0.96 (0.88–1.03) | 1.02 (0.94–1.11) | 1989 (1922–2057) | 1678 (1622–1734) |
| Secondary school graduation | 0.87 (0.81–0.92) | 0.94 (0.88–1.01) | 1521 (1481–1561) | 1460 (1423–1497) |
| Some postsecondary school | 0.90 (0.83–0.98) | 1.08 (0.98–1.18) | 1382 (1327–1436) | 1446 (1391–1502) |
| Postsecondary school graduation | 1.00 (ref) | 1.00 (ref) | 1585 (1562–1609) | 1480 (1459–1500) |
| Homeowner | ||||
| Yes | 1.00 (ref) | 1.00 (ref) | 1523 (1504–1543) | 1447 (1428–1465) |
| No | 0.74 (0.70–0.78) | 0.77 (0.72–0.82) | 1869 (1824–1915) | 1673 (1630–1717) |
| No. of children < 18 yr in household | 1.08 (1.05–1.10) | 1.10 (1.07–1.13) | 1600 (1581–1618) | 1494 (1478–1511) |
| No. of adults in household | 0.96 (0.93–0.98) | 1.05 (1.0–1.08) | 1586 (1568–1604) | 1494 (1478–1511) |
| Neighbourhood income quintile | ||||
| 1 (lowest) | 1.00 (ref) | 1.00 (ref) | 1759 (1714–1805) | 1526 (1487–1566) |
| 2 | 1.05 (0.97–1.13) | 1.01 (0.93–1.09) | 1613 (1572–1654) | 1485 (1449–1522) |
| 3 | 1.07 (0.99–1.15) | 1.00 (0.93–1.09) | 1558 (1519–1598) | 1473 (1438–1509) |
| 4 | 1.18 (1.09–1.27) | 1.09 (1.01–1.18) | 1553 (1513–1592) | 1495 (1459–1532) |
| 5 (highest) | 1.20 (1.11–1.30) | 1.11 (1.03–1.21) | 1553 (1513–1592) | 1493 (1456–1530) |
Note: CI = confidence interval, OR = odds ratio, ref = reference group.
↵* Part 1: logistic regression analysis was used to estimate the odds of incurring any v. no health care cost over the 12-month period, excluding Ontario Drug Benefit costs.
↵† Part 2: ordinary least-squares regression analysis was used to determine the total health care costs per person associated with each variable, conditional on incurring any cost during the same 12-month period. Costs were adjusted to 2012 Canadian dollars. Model estimates have been retransformed to provide the predicted cost at the mean value for each variable.
↵‡ Adjusted for all other variables in the table.
↵§ Odds ratios are per year increase in age.