Characteristic | Preoperative test; adjusted OR* (95% CI) | |
---|---|---|
Electrocardiography | Chest radiography | |
Age, yr | ||
18–25 (reference) | 1.0 | 1.0 |
26–35 | 1.8 (1.7–1.9) | 0.1 (0.1–0.1) |
36–45 | 5.0 (4.8–5.2) | 1.3 (1.3–1.4) |
46–55 | 13.3 (12.8–13.9) | 1.8 (1.8–1.9) |
56–65 | 17.2 (16.6–17.9) | 2.3 (2.2–2.4) |
66–75 | 18.3 (17.6–19.0) | 2.6 (2.5–2.7) |
76–85 | 17.7 (17.0–18.4) | 2.9 (2.8–3.0) |
> 85 | 15.8 (15.1–16.4) | 3.1 (3.0–3.3) |
Sex, female | 0.9 (0.9–1.0) | 3.3 (3.2–3.5) |
Rural–urban status | ||
Urban (reference) | 1.0 | 1.0 |
Suburban | 1.0 (1.0–1.0) | 1.0 (1.0–1.0) |
Rural | 1.0 (1.0–1.0) | 1.0 (1.0–1.1) |
Missing | 1.0 (0.9–1.0) | 1.1 (1.0–1.2) |
Neighbourhood income quintile | ||
1 (lowest) (reference) | 1.0 | 1.0 |
2 | 1.0 (1.0–1.0) | 0.9 (0.9–1.0) |
3 | 1.0 (1.0–1.0) | 0.9 (0.9–0.9) |
4 | 1.0 (0.9–1.0) | 0.9 (0.9–0.9) |
5 (highest) | 0.9 (0.9–0.9) | 0.8 (0.8–0.9) |
Procedure type | ||
Low-risk surgery (reference) | 1.0 | 1.0 |
Endoscopy | 0.1 (0.1–0.1) | 0.4 (0.4–0.4) |
Ophthalmologic surgery | 0.2 (0.2–0.2) | 0.2 (0.2–0.2) |
Comorbidities | ||
Coronary artery disease | 1.2 (1.2–1.3) | 1.4 (1.4–1.4) |
Atrial fibrillation or flutter | 1.3 (1.3–1.4) | 1.4 (1.3–1.4) |
Other cardiac arrhythmia | 1.3 (1.2–1.3) | 1.2 (1.2–1.3) |
Cardiac valvular disease | 1.2 (1.1–1.3) | 1.2 (1.1–1.3) |
Cerebrovascular disease | 1.1 (1.1–1.1) | 1.2 (1.2–1.3) |
Peripheral arterial disease | 1.1 (1.0–1.1) | 1.3 (1.2–1.4) |
Venous thromboembolism | 1.0 (1.0–1.1) | 1.6 (1.5–1.8) |
Heart failure | 1.2 (1.2–1.2) | 1.3 (1.3–1.3) |
Myocardial infarction | 1.1 (1.0–1.1) | 1.0 (1.0–1.1) |
Chronic renal disease | 1.1 (1.1–1.2) | 1.7 (1.6–1.7) |
Asthma | 1.0 (1.0–1.0) | 1.2 (1.2–1.2) |
COPD | 1.0 (1.0–1.0) | 1.5 (1.5–1.5) |
Cardiac risk factors | ||
Diabetes mellitus | 1.0 (1.0–1.0) | 1.0 (1.0–1.0) |
Hypertension | 1.2 (1.2–1.2) | 1.0 (1.0–1.1) |
Hyperlipidemia | 1.1 (1.0–1.1) | 1.1 (1.1–1.1) |
Prior cardiac procedures | ||
Aortic valve replacement | 0.9 (0.9–1.0) | 0.9 (0.8–0.9) |
Mitral valve replacement | 1.1 (1.0–1.2) | 0.9 (0.8–1.0) |
Coronary revascularization | 1.1 (1.1–1.1) | 0.9 (0.9–0.9) |
Device implantation | 1.2 (1.1–1.2) | 1.1 (1.1–1.2) |
Preoperative consultations | ||
Outpatient anesthesia consult | 8.7 (8.5–8.8) | 2.2 (2.1–2.2) |
Medical consult | 6.8 (6.7–6.9) | 3.6 (3.5–3.6) |
Teaching hospital | 1.1 (0.9–1.2) | 1.0 (1.0–1.0) |
Procedure volume | ||
Low (reference) | 1.0 | 1.0 |
Intermediate | 1.2 (1.0–1.4) | 1.0 (1.0–1.1) |
High | 1.4 (1.1–1.7) | 1.1 (1.0–1.1) |
Median OR | 2.3 | 1.6 |
Note: CI = confidence interval, COPD = chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, OR = odds ratio.
↵* ORs from logistic regression with mutual adjustment for all other variables listed in the table.