Results of magnetic resonance imaging and gadoliniun-enhanced venography
| MR result | No. (%) of participants | p value | |||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Patients n = 110 | Controls n = 56 | ||||
| MR imaging | |||||
| No. of white matter lesions | |||||
| 0 | 5 (5) | 29 (52) | < 0.001 | ||
| 1–10 | 34 (31) | 22 (39) | |||
| 11–20 | 33 (30) | 5 (9) | |||
| 21–30 | 38 (35) | 0 (0) | |||
| Enhancing lesions | 12 (11) | 0 (0) | 0.2 | ||
| Parenchymal atrophy | 29 (26) | 0 (0) | < 0.001 | ||
| Corpus callosum atrophy | 25 (23) | 0 (0) | < 0.001 | ||
| MR venography (TRICKS)* | Right | Left | Right | Left | Right/Left |
| IJV dominance | 29 (26) | 12 (11) | 12 (21) | 3 (5) | 0.3/0.3 |
| IJV flattening C1–C3 level, % | n = 109 | n = 109 | |||
| 0–24 | 32 (29) | 32 (29) | 14 (25) | 17 (30) | 0.9/0.7 |
| 25–49 | 44 (40) | 42 (39) | 23 (41) | 17 (30) | |
| 50–74 | 10 (9) | 11 (10) | 5 (9) | 6 (11) | |
| 75–100 | 23 (21) | 24 (22) | 14 (25) | 16 (29) | |
| IJV flattening C4–C5 level, % | |||||
| 0–24 | 94 (86) | 87 (80) | 51 (91) | 46 (82) | 0.9/0.8 |
| 25–49 | 5 (5) | 9 (8) | 1 (2) | 5 (9) | |
| 50–74 | 3 (3) | 1 (1) | 1 (2) | 1 (2) | |
| 75–100 | 7 (6) | 12 (11) | 3 (5) | 4 (7) | |
| IJV flattening C6–T1 level, % | |||||
| 0–24 | 55 (50) | 87 (80) | 29 (52) | 46 (82) | 0.9/0.9 |
| 25–49 | 21 (19) | 9 (8) | 11 (20) | 5 (9) | |
| 50–74 | 8 (7) | 1 (1) | 2 (4) | 1 (2) | |
| 75–100 | 25 (23) | 12 (11) | 14 (25) | 4 (7) | |
| Collateral vein score | |||||
| Normal | 25 (23) | 25 (23) | 12 (21) | 13 (23) | > 0.9/0.8 |
| Mild | 45 (41) | 39 (36) | 25 (45) | 23 (41) | |
| Moderate | 29 (27) | 37 (34) | 14 (25) | 15 (27) | |
| Prominent | 10 (9) | 8 (7) | 5 (9) | 5 (9) | |
| Intracranial venous stenosis | 0 (0) | 0 (0) | NA | ||
| Transverse sinus dominance | 23 (21) | 12 (11) | 13 (23) | 4 (7) | 0.4/0.8 |
| MR pre/post Gd RAGE | |||||
| IJV narrowing† at C1–C3 level, % | |||||
| 0–24 | 35 (32) | 38 (35) | 14 (25) | 17 (30) | 0.8/0.4 |
| 25–49 | 44 (40) | 43 (39) | 25 (45) | 18 (32) | |
| 50–74 | 9 (8) | 11 (10) | 4 (7) | 6 (11) | |
| 75–100 | 21 (19) | 17 (16) | 13 (23) | 15 (27) | |
| IJV narrowing† at C4–C6 level, % | |||||
| 0–24 | 103 (94) | 98 (90) | 55 (98) | 49 (88) | 0.8/0.9 |
| 25–49 | 5 (5) | 7 (6) | 1 (2) | 5 (9) | |
| 50–74 | 1 (1) | 1 (1) | 0 (0) | 0 (0) | |
| 75–100 | 0 (0) | 3 (3) | 0 (0) | 2 (4) | |
| IJV narrowing† at C7–T1 level, % | |||||
| 0–24 | 61 (56) | 69 (63) | 31 (55) | 32 (57) | 0.7/0.7 |
| 25–49 | 21 (19) | 11 (10) | 10 (18) | 8 (14) | |
| 50–74 | 8 (7) | 8 (7) | 2 (4) | 3 (5) | |
| 75–100 | 19 (17) | 21 (19) | 13 (23) | 13 (23) | |
| Mass or lymph nodes | 0 (0) | 0 (0) | NA | ||
Note: Gd = gadolinium, IJV = internal jugular vein, MR = magnetic resonance, NA = not applicable, RAGE = rapid gradient echo, TRICKS = time-resolved imaging of contrast kinetics.
↵* For one patient, some MR venography sequences were unreadable, so data were available for only 109 patients.
↵† Narrowing commonly by extrinsic compression from the transverse vertebral process.