Table 2:

Predictors of stroke within 2 years after cardiac surgery

Early stroke*Late stroke†All stroke
UnadjustedAdjustedUnadjustedAdjustedUnadjustedAdjusted
VariableOR (95% CI)OR‡ (95% CI)HR (95% CI)HR‡ (95% CI)HR (95% CI)HR‡ (95% CI)
Age ≥ 65 v. < 65 yr2.6 (2.4–2.9)2.1 (1.9–2.3)2.3 (2.1–2.5)
Female sex1.8 (1.5–2.2)1.4 (1.2–1.6)1.6 (1.4–1.8)
Male sex2.2 (2.0–2.5)2.0 (1.7–2.2)2.0 (1.9–2.2)
Female v. male sex1.3 (1.2–1.5)1.5 (1.4–1.7)1.4 (1.3–1.5)
Age ≥ 65 yr1.1(1.0–1.2)1.2 (1.1–1.4)1.2 (1.1–1.2)
Age < 65 yr1.4 (1.1–1.7)1.7 (1.5–2.2)1.5 (1.3–1.7)
Previous stroke or transient ischemic attack2.8 (2.4–3.3)2.1 (1.8–2.5)2.8 (2.4–3.2)2.2 (1.9–2.5)2.8 (2.5–3.1)2.1 (1.9–2.3)
Dialysis2.6 (2.0–3.4)2.1 (1.6–2.8)1.6 (1.1–2.2)1.3 (0.9–1.8)2.1 (1.7–2.6)1.7 (1.4–2.2)
Peripheral vascular disease2.0 (1.8–2.2)1.6 (1.4–1.8)1.9 (1.7–2.1)1.6 (1.4–1.8)1.9 (1.8–2.1)1.6 (1.5–1.7)
Creatinine ≥ 90 v. < 90 μmol/L1.1 (1.0–1.2)1.0 (0.9–1.1)1.1 (1.0–1.2)1.1 (1.0–1.2)1.1 (1.0–1.2)1.0 (1.0–1.1)
History of myocardial infarction1.0 (0.9–1.1)1.0 (0.9–1.1)0.9 (0.8–1.0)0.9 (0.8–1.0)0.9 (0.9–1.0)1.0 (0.9–1.0)
Congestive heart failure2.0 (1.8–2.2)1.4 (1.3–1.5)1.6 (1.5–1.8)1.1 (1.0–1.2)1.8 (1.7–2.0)1.2 (1.2–1.3)
History of atrial fibrillation1.7 (1.5–1.9)1.2 (1.1–1.4)2.0 (1.8–2.3)1.4 (1.3–1.6)1.9 (1.7–2.0)1.3 (1.2–1.5)
Left main coronary artery disease1.1 (1.0–1.3)1.2 (1.1–1.4)1.0 (0.9–1.2)1.0 (0.9–1.2)1.1 (1.0–1.2)1.2 (1.1–1.3)
LV dysfunction grade 2–4 v. grade 11.2 (1.1–1.3)1.1 (1.0–1.2)1.2 (1.1–1.3)1.2 (1.1–1.4)1.2 (1.1–1.2)1.2 (1.1–1.3)
Reoperation1.5 (1.3–1.9)1.2 (1.0–1.5)1.1 (0.9–1.4)1.0 (0.9–1.1)1.4 (1.2–1.6)1.1 (0.9–1.2)
Postoperative atrial fibrillation1.7 (1.5–1.9)1.5 (1.3–1.6)1.1 (1.0–1.2)1.1 (1.0–1.2)1.3 (1.2–1.5)1.2 (1.1–1.3)
CABG and valve surgery v. CABG alone2.3 (2.1–2.6)1.7 (1.5–1.9)2.1 (1.8–2.3)1.5 (1.4–1.8)2.2 (2.0–2.4)1.7 (1.5–1.8)
Valve surgery v. CABG1.4 (1.2–1.6)1.3 (1.1–1.5)1.5 (1.3–1.7)1.3 (1.1–1.5)1.5 (1.4–1.6)1.4 (1.2–1.5)

  • Note: CABG = coronary artery bypass graft surgery, CI = confidence interval, HR = hazard ratio, LV = left ventricular, OR = odds ratio.

  • ↵* Occurring during index hospital admission.

  • ↵† Occurring after hospital discharge up to 2 years postoperatively.

  • ↵‡ Adjusted for all other variables in the table.