Participants’ characteristics and enjoyment of life at baseline
| Characteristic | Baseline enjoyment of life, no. (%)* | p value | ||
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Low n = 738 | Medium n = 1792 | High n = 669 | ||
| Sex | 0.7 | |||
| Male | 314 (42.5) | 775 (43.2) | 292 (43.6) | |
| Female | 424 (57.5) | 1017 (56.8) | 377 (56.4) | |
| Age, yr | 0.001 | |||
| 60–69 | 424 (57.5) | 1009 (56.3) | 468 (70.0) | |
| 70–79 | 254 (34.4) | 621 (34.7) | 175 (26.2) | |
| ≥ 80 | 60 (8.1) | 162 (9.0) | 26 (3.9) | |
| Ethnicity, nonwhite | 15 (2.0) | 17 (0.9) | 5 (0.7) | 0.02 |
| Education | < 0.001 | |||
| Lower | 386 (52.3) | 746 (41.6) | 201 (30.0) | |
| Intermediate | 235 (31.8) | 651 (36.3) | 243 (36.3) | |
| Higher | 117 (15.9) | 395 (22.0) | 225 (33.6) | |
| Wealth quintile | n = 715 | n = 1757 | n = 662 | < 0.001 |
| 1 (lowest) | 146 (20.4) | 212 (12.1) | 57 (8.6) | |
| 2 | 154 (21.5) | 298 (17.0) | 99 (15.0) | |
| 3 | 159 (22.2) | 380 (21.6) | 129 (19.5) | |
| 4 | 143 (20.0) | 417 (23.7) | 139 (21.0) | |
| 5 (highest) | 113 (15.8) | 450 (25.6) | 238 (36.0) | |
| Marital status, married | 419 (56.8) | 1192 (66.5) | 519 (77.6) | < 0.001 |
| Paid employment | 83 (11.2) | 229 (12.8) | 119 (17.8) | < 0.001 |
| Limiting, longstanding illness | 391 (53.0) | 563 (31.4) | 65 (9.7) | < 0.001 |
| Coronary heart disease | 140 (19.0) | 246 (13.7) | 42 (6.3) | < 0.001 |
| Cancer | 49 (6.6) | 118 (6.6) | 42 (6.3) | 0.8 |
| Diabetes | 81 (11.0) | 108 (6.0) | 25 (3.7) | < 0.001 |
| Arthritis | 326 (44.2) | 579 (32.3) | 147 (22.0) | < 0.001 |
| Stroke | 52 (7.0) | 70 (3.9) | 8 (1.2) | < 0.001 |
| Chronic lung disease | 72 (9.8) | 108 (6.0) | 17 (2.5) | < 0.001 |
| History of depressive illness | 50 (6.8) | 49 (2.7) | 16 (2.4) | < 0.001 |
| Elevated depressive symptoms | 317 (43.0) | 299 (16.7) | 28 (4.2) | < 0.001 |
| Current smoker | 131 (17.8) | 199 (11.1) | 59 (8.8) | < 0.001 |
| Vigorous or moderate activity > 1/wk | 385 (52.2) | 1150 (64.2) | 520 (77.7) | < 0.001 |
| Alcohol consumption daily or almost daily | 183 (24.8) | 519 (29.0) | 228 (34.1) | < 0.001 |
| Impaired mobility | 570 (77.2) | 1094 (61.0) | 246 (36.8) | < 0.001 |
| ≥ 2 impaired activities of daily living | 147 (19.9) | 123 (6.9) | 9 (1.3) | < 0.001 |
| Gait speed, mean ± SD, m/s | 0.79 ± 0.29 | 0.90 ± 0.27 | 1.01 ± 0.26 | < 0.001 |
SD = standard deviation
↵* Unless stated otherwise.