Characteristics of the study population
| Characteristic | No. (%) or mean ± SD | p value | |
|---|---|---|---|
| Offspring n = 1038 | Controls n = 461 | ||
| Age, yr | 59.5 ± 6.3 | 58.9 ± 7.0 | 0.09 |
| Female | 574 (55.4) | 257 (55.7) | 0.9 |
| Body mass index | 25.2 ± 3.5 | 25.4 ± 3.5 | 0.3 |
| Vitamin D intake | |||
| Via habitual food intake, μg/d | 3.92 ± 1.9 | 3.87 ± 1.7 | 0.7 |
| Multivitamin supplements | 298 (28.7) | 120 (26.0) | 0.3 |
| Vitamin D supplements | 35 (3.4) | 16 (3.5) | 0.9 |
| Creatinine, mmol/L | 80.7 ± 12.0 | 82.0 ± 12.8 | 0.09 |
| Disease history | |||
| Diabetes mellitus | 28 (2.7) | 29 (6.3) | 0.001 |
| Hypertension | 192 (18.5) | 110 (23.9) | 0.02 |
| Myocardial infarction | 16 (1.5) | 11 (2.4) | 0.3 |
| Stroke | 17 (1.7) | 8 (1.7) | 0.9 |
| Malignant disease | 77 (7.4) | 30 (6.5) | 0.4 |
| Medication use | |||
| Diabetes medication | 10 (1.2) | 14 (3.7) | 0.004 |
| Antihypertensive drugs | 127 (15.0) | 82 (21.4) | 0.006 |
| Lipid lowering agents | 63 (7.5) | 37 (8.7) | 0.2 |
Note: SD = standard deviation.