Characteristics of participants’ urine cultures
| Visibility of urethral opening in uncircumcised boys, no. (%) | Circumcised, no. (%) n = 84 | p value* | |||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Partially/nonvisible n = 269 | Completely visible n = 40 | Partially/nonvisible | Circumcised | ||
| Contaminants† | 48 (17.8) | 0 (0.0) | 8 (9.5) | 0.004 | 0.04 |
| Positive urine culture | 64 (23.8) | 12 (30.0) | 4 (4.8) | 0.4 | < 0.001 |
| Uropathogens | n = 64 | n = 12 | n = 4 | ||
| Escherichia coli | 41 (64.1) | 9 (75.0) | 4 (100.0) | 0.2 | 0.003 |
| Klebsiella species | 8 (12.5) | 0 (0.0) | 0 (0.0) | 0.3 | NA |
| Proteus species | 3 (4.7) | 3 (25.0) | 0 (0.0) | 0.006 | 0.01 |
| Other‡ | 12 (18.8) | 0 (0.0) | 0 (0.0) | 0.2 | NA |
Note: NA = not applicable.
↵* v. Completely visible meatus. χ2 test (Fisher exact test used when count was less than 5).
↵† Samples grew mixed organisms and/or fewer than 107 colony forming units per litre.
↵‡ Enterococcus (5), Pseudomonas (2), Enterobacter (1), Citrobacter (1), group B streptococci (1), Morganella (1) and Raoultella (1).