Baseline characteristics of 30 433 patients who had existing cardiovascular disease or diabetes with end-organ damage, by level of alcohol consumption*
| Characteristic | Level of alcohol consumption; no. (%) of patients† | |||
|---|---|---|---|---|
| All n = 30 433 | Low n = 18 775 | Moderate n = 11 139 | High n = 519 | |
| Age, yr, mean ± SD | 66.4 ± 7.2 | 66.6 ± 7.2 | 66.1 ± 7.1 | 65.2 ± 6.7 |
| Sex, female | 9 064 (29.8) | 7 464 (39.8) | 1 546 (13.9) | 54 (10.4) |
| Region | ||||
| Americas | 9 288 (30.5) | 6 051 (32.2) | 3 156 (28.3) | 81 (15.6) |
| Europe | 14 980 (49.2) | 8 400 (44.7) | 6 275 (56.3) | 305 (58.8) |
| Australia/Asia | 6 165 (20.3) | 4 324 (23.0) | 1 708 (15.3) | 133 (25.6) |
| Waist:hip ratio, mean ± SD | 0.94 ± 0.08 | 0.93 ± 0.09 | 0.95 ± 0.08 | 0.96 ± 0.07 |
| Medical history | ||||
| Coronary artery disease | 23 422 (77.0) | 14 001 (74.6) | 9 023 (81.0) | 398 (76.7) |
| Stroke/TIA | 6 261 (20.6) | 4 128 (22.0) | 2 019 (18.1) | 114 (22.0) |
| Peripheral artery disease | 5 439 (17.9) | 3 176 (16.9) | 2 118 (19.0) | 145 (27.9) |
| Hypertension | 21 315 (70.0) | 13 938 (74.2) | 7 076 (63.5) | 301 (58.0) |
| Diabetes | 11 345 (37.3) | 8 005 (42.6) | 3 218 (28.9) | 122 (23.5) |
| Chronic renal disease | 8 178 (26.9) | 5 475 (29.2) | 2 587 (23.2) | 116 (22.4) |
| Sleep apnea | 2 033 (6.7) | 1 313 (7.0) | 697 (6.3) | 23 (4.4) |
| Use of statin | 18 503 (60.8) | 10 619 (56.6) | 7 519 (67.5) | 365 (70.3) |
| Smoking status | ||||
| Never smoked | 11 418 (37.5) | 8 624 (45.9) | 2 747 (24.7) | 47 (9.1) |
| Current/former smoker | 18 983 (62.4) | 10 132 (54.0) | 8 381 (75.2) | 470 (90.6) |
| Education | ||||
| None | 1 115 (3.7) | 977 (5.2) | 131 (1.2) | 7 (1.3) |
| 1–8 yr | 9 120 (30.0) | 6 302 (33.6) | 2 677 (24.0) | 141 (27.2) |
| 9–12 yr | 8 987 (29.5) | 5 422 (28.9) | 3 405 (30.6) | 160 (30.8) |
| University/trade school | 11 204 (36.8) | 6 072 (32.3) | 4 921 (44.2) | 211 (40.7) |
| Physical activity‡ | ||||
| Sedentary | 10 486 (34.5) | 7 101 (37.8) | 3 200 (28.7) | 185 (35.6) |
| Moderate | 6 971 (22.9) | 3 903 (20.8) | 2 951 (26.5) | 117 (22.5) |
| High | 12 966 (42.6) | 7 766 (41.4) | 4 983 (44.7) | 217 (41.8) |
| Stress§ | ||||
| Yes | 19 685 (64.7) | 12 156 (64.7) | 7 210 (64.7) | 319 (61.5) |
| No | 10 734 (35.3) | 6 612 (35.2) | 3 923 (35.2) | 199 (38.3) |
Note: SD = standard deviation, TIA = transient ischemic attack.
↵* Low = < 1 drink/wk; moderate = 1–14 drinks/wk (about 2 drinks/d) for women and 1–21 drinks/wk (about 3 drinks/d) for men; high = > 14 drinks/wk (> 2 drinks/d) for women and > 21 drinks/wk (> 3 drinks/d) for men.
↵† Unless stated otherwise.
↵‡ Sedentary = physical activity once per week or less often, moderate = 2–4 times per week, high = ≥ 5 times per week.
↵§ Having had some or several periods of stress or permanent stress at work/home, or moderate or high worry about money.