The association between psychological distress and death due to cardiovascular disease among the study participants (n = 68 652)
| Mental distress, score on GHQ-12 | Cases, no. | Age- and sex- adjusted HR (95% CI) | Multivariable adjusted* HR (95% CI) |
|---|---|---|---|
| Cerebrovascular disease | |||
| 0 | n = 41 665 295 | 1.00 | 1.00 |
| 1 – 3 | n = 16 915 160 | 1.21 (1.00–1.47) | 1.20 (0.99–1.46) |
| ≥4 | n = 10 072 107 | 1.67 (1.34–2.09) | 1.66 (1.32–2.08) |
| p for trend | < 0.001 | < 0.001 | |
| Ischemic heart disease | |||
| 0 | n = 41 665 548 | 1.00 | 1.00 |
| 1– 3 | n = 16 915 288 | 1.31 (1.13–1.51) | 1.26 (1.09–1.46) |
| ≥4 | n = 10 072 174 | 1.65 (1.39–1.96) | 1.59 (1.34–1.88) |
| p for trend | < 0.001 | < 0.001 | |
| All cardiovascular disease | |||
| 0 | n = 41 665 1273 | 1.00 | 1.00 |
| 1– 3 | n = 16 915 652 | 1.21 (1.09–1.32) | 1.16 (1.06–1.28) |
| ≥ 4 | n = 10 072 442 | 1.68 (1.50–1.87) | 1.61 (1.44–1.79) |
| p for trend | < 0.001 | < 0.001 | |
Note: CI = confidence interval, GHQ-12 = 12-item General Health Questionnaire, HR = hazard ratio.
↵* Model adjusted for age, sex, ethnicity, socioeconomic group, smoking, use of antihypertensive medication and year in which the survey was done.