Costs for the total period, the index hospital admission and the year after hospital admission, as well as unadjusted, partially adjusted and fully adjusted estimates of relative increase for patients with COPD versus those without COPD*
| Period | Cost, $ | Relative increase, % (95% CI) | |||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Patients without COPD n = 762 134 | Patients with COPD n = 170 482 | Unadjusted | Partially adjusted | Adjusted | |
| Total | 38.7 (38.2–39.3) | 13.1 (12.7–13.4) | 4.6 (4.3–5.0) | ||
| Median (IQR) | 17 671 (12 547–31 869) | 25 556 (15 900–47 495) | |||
| Mean ± SD | 29 159 ± 35 626 | 40 872 ± 48 309 | |||
| Index hospital admission | 21.7 (21.3–22.0) | 4.9 (4.7–5.2) | 1.0 (0.8–1.2) | ||
| Median (IQR) | 12 213 (9258–15 071) | 13 697 (10 942–19 215) | |||
| Mean ± SD | 15 114 ± 19 555 | 19 753 ± 29 408 | |||
| Year after hospital admission | 46.8 (45.4–48.2) | 15.0 (14.0–16.1) | 4.9 (3.9–5.8) | ||
| Median (IQR) | 4343 (1854–15 601) | 8494 (2988–25 027) | |||
| Mean ± SD | 14 045 ± 25 766 | 21 118 ± 34 171 | |||
Note: CI = confidence interval, COPD = chronic obstructive pulmonary disorder, IQR = interquartile range, SD = standard deviation.
↵* Partial adjustment for age (expressed as a 4-knot restricted cubic spline), sex, neighbourhood income quintile (expressed as a 5-level categorical variable), rural residence, and surgical procedure. Adjusted models additionally adjust for long-term care residence, inpatient hospitalization in the year before surgery, comorbid disease (coronary artery disease, atrial fibrillation, peripheral vascular disease, hypertension, diabetes, stroke or TIA, chronic kidney disease, cancer, lung cancer, liver disease), frailty and adjusted clinical group (ACG) categories per the Johns Hopkins ACG system.